Table 2. Comparison of patient characteristics between the TH and TS groups.

Variables	Category	TH (N=844), n [%]	TS (N=322), n [%]	P value
Age	Median [range]	65 [26–84]	66 [23–86]	0.7646
Sex	Men	483 [57]	144 [45]
	Women	361 [43]	178 [55]	0.0001
Smoking index (pack-year)	<40	552 [65]	250 [78]
	≥40	292 [35]	72 [22]	<0.0001
Comorbidity	Yes	188 [22]	42 [13]
	No	656 [78]	280 [87]	0.0003
Respiratory function
% FVC	≥80%	833 [99]	321 [99]
	<80%	11 [1]	1 [1]	0.1968
FEV1.0%	≥70%	630 [75]	264 [82]
	<70%	214 [25]	58 [18]	0.0084
Operative procedure	Lobectomy	760 [90]	320 [99]
	Bi-lobectomy	49 [6]	2 [1]
	Pneumonectomy	35 [4]	0 0]	<00001
Conversion to thoracotomy	Yes	–	0 0]	–
	No	–	322 [100]

TH, thoracotomy; TS, thoracoscopic surgery; % FVC, % forced vital capacity; FEV1.0%, forced expiratory volume 1.0%.