Table 2. Management of mechanical ventilation of patients with invasive mechanical ventilation.
| Variables | All (n=483) | High-income (n=291) | Middle-income (n=192) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ventilation mode | ||||
| SIMV + PS | 385 (79.7) | 235 (80.8) | 150 (78.1) | 0.482 |
| VCV | 7 (1.4) | 4 (1.4) | 3 (1.6) | 1.000 |
| PCV | 24 (5.0) | 20 (6.9) | 4 (2.1) | 0.018 |
| BIPAP | 28 (5.8) | 7 (2.4) | 21 (10.9) | 0.000 |
| PSV | 12 (2.5) | 10 (3.4) | 2 (1.0) | 0.136 |
| Other modes | 29 (6.0) | 18 (6.2) | 11 (5.7) | 0.836 |
| Recruitment maneuver | 58 (12.0) | 30 (10.3) | 28 (14.5) | 0.157 |
| Breathing patterns | ||||
| PEEP (cmH2O) | 5.0 (5.0–6.0) | 5.0 (5.0–7.0) | 5.0 (5.0–6.0) | 0.543 |
| FiO2 | 0.4 (0.4–0.5) | 0.4 (0.4–0.5) | 0.4 (0.4–0.5) | 0.154 |
| Tidal volume (mL/kg PBW) | 7.4 (6.7–8.5) | 7.3 (6.7–8.3) | 7.7 (6.7–8.9) | 0.016 |
| RR (breath/min) | 17.0 (15.0–20.0) | 17.0 (15.0–20.0) | 18.0 (15.0–20.0) | 0.857 |
| Ti (second) | 1.0 (1.0–1.2) | 1.0 (1.0–1.2) | 1.0 (1.0–1.3) | 0.948 |
| Peak pressure (cmH2O) | 21.0 (18.0–25.0) | 20.0 (18.0–25.0) | 22.0 (19.0–28.0) | 0.000 |
| Plateau pressure (cmH2O) | 17.0 (15.0–20.0) | 16.0 (15.0–19.0) | 18.0 (15.0–20.0) | 0.041 |
| Driving pressure (cmH2O) | 11.0 (8.0–14.0) | 11.0 (8.0–13.0) | 12.0 (9.0–15.0) | 0.045 |
| Receiving protective ventilationa | 314 (65.0) | 207 (71.1) | 115 (59.9) | 0.014 |
| Sedative | 368 (76.2) | 219 (75.3) | 149 (77.6) | 0.553 |
| Analgesic | 289 (59.8) | 175 (60.1) | 114 (59.4) | 0.867 |
| Both analgesic and sedative | 267 (55.3) | 158 (54.3) | 109 (56.8) | 0.592 |
| Daily interruption of sedation | 276 (57.1) | 188 (64.6) | 88 (45.8) | <0.001 |
| Extubation with SBT | 290 (60.0) | 184 (63.2) | 106 (55.2) | 0.078 |
| T piece | 142 (29.4) | 98 (33.7) | 44 (22.9) | 0.011 |
| PSV | 124 (25.7) | 72 (24.7) | 52 (27.1) | 0.564 |
| CPAP | 24 (5.0) | 14 (4.8) | 10 (5.2) | 0.844 |
Data are median (IQR) or number (%). a, tidal volume ≤8 mL/kg of predicted bodyweight and plateau pressure ≤30 cmH2O. SIMV + PS, synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation + pressure support ventilation; VCV, volume control ventilation; PCV, pressure support ventilation; BIPAP, bi-level airway pressure ventilation; PSV, pressure support ventilation; PEEP, positive end expiratory pressure; FiO2, fraction of inspired oxygen; PBW, predicted body weight; RR, respiratory rate; Ti, inspiratory time; SBT, spontaneous breathing trial; NIV, non-invasive mechanical ventilation; SBT, spontaneous breathing trial; IQR, interquartile range.