Table 1.

Gs-coupled GPCRs in skeletal muscle and tumors.

Receptor	Roles in skeletal muscle hypertrophy/metabolism	Association with cancer
β-Adrenergic receptors (β1, β2, β3)	Glycogen breakdown, transcription, excitation-contraction coupling metabolic adaption, hypertrophy (7)	β1 and β3: Over-expressed in breast cancer (89); contributes to malignancy in breast (89), prostate (90), lung (91), and many others (92)
CRFR2	Inhibit insulin sensitivity (93) Reduce Atrophy (94–97)	Inhibits vascularization and growth of several cancer cell types; loss is associated with aggressive renal cancer (98–100)
Frz7 (Frizzled7)	Hypertrophy (101)	Upregulated in hepatocellular carcinoma, breast cancer, wilms tumor, gastric cancer, ovarian cancer, melanoma (102)
TGR5	Hypertrophy (103)	Overexpressed (gastric and esophageal adenocarcinomas); associated with poor prognosis; promotes growth and migration in small cell lung cancer cells (104–106); protective against renal cancer cell proliferation (107)

Table indicates muscle phenotypes induced by the indicated GPCRs and the association of the GPCRs with cancer.