Table 3.

Multivariate hierarchical association of socioeconomic factors with leprosy new case detection in individuals younger than 15 years (n=9 772 650)

		Model 1		Model 2*		Model 3†
		IRR	p value	IRR	p value	IRR	p value
Demographic variables
Age (years)
	0 to <5	Ref	..	Ref	..	Ref	..
	≥5 to <10	2·82 (2·55–3·12)	<0·001	2·70 (2·44–2·98)	<0·001	2·71 (2·45–3·00)	<0·001
	≥10 to <15	3·34 (2·94–3·80)	<0·001	3·28 (2·89–3·73)	<0·001	3·33 (2·92–3·80)	<0·001
Sex
	Female	Ref	..	Ref	..	Ref	..
	Male	0·98 (0·90–1·07)	0·61	0·98 (0·90–1·06)	0·57	0·98 (0·89–1·06)	0·58
Distal variables
Region of family home
	South	Ref	..	..	..	..	..
	Southeast	5·44 (2·91–10·16)	<0·001	..	..	..	..
	Northeast	24·18 (13·08–44·74)	<0·001	..	..	..	..
	North	33·58 (18·12–62·24)	<0·001	..	..	..	..
	Central-west	26·02 (13·94–48·56)	<0·001	..	..	..	..
Location of family home
	Rural	Ref	..	..	..	..	..
	Urban	1·45 (1·29–1·63)	<0·001	..	..	..	..
Intermediate variables
Race or ethnicity
	“Branco” (ie, white)	..	..	Ref	..	..	..
	“Preto” (ie, black)	..	..	1·92 (1·52–2·42)	<0·001	..	..
	“Pardo” (ie, mixed race)	..	..	1·60 (1·38–1·85)	<0·001	..	..
	Asian	..	..	1·92 (0·91–4·07)	0·09	..	..
	Indigenous	..	..	0·35 (0·17–0·75)	0·007	..	..
Highest level of education (head of family)
	Higher education	..	..	Ref	..	..	..
	Year 10–12	..	..	1·49 (0·61–3·62)	0·38	..	..
	Year 6–9	..	..	2·12 (0·88–5·10)	0·10	..	..
	Year 1–5	..	..	2·14 (0·89–5·17)	0·09	..	..
	Preschool or no education or illiterate	..	..	2·66 (1·10–6·49)	0·03	..	..
Employment (head of family)
	Currently employed	..	..	Ref	..	..	..
	Unemployed student	..	..	1·08 (0·96–1·21)	0·38	..	..
	Unemployed (not student)	..	..	0·70 (0·59–0·82)	<0·001	..	..
Income per capita
	>1 minimum wage	..	..	Ref	..	..	..
	>0·5–1 minimum wage	..	..	2·61 (0·35–19·17)	0·35	..	..
	>0·25–0·5 minimum wage	..	..	3·44 (0·48–24·56)	0·22	..	..
	0–0·25 minimum wage	..	..	4·31 (0·61–30·58)	0·14	..	..
	No income	..	..	4·01 (0·56–28·60)	0·17	..	..
Proximal variables
Housing material
	Brick or cement	..	..	..	..	Ref	..
	Taipa, wood, or other	..	..	..	..	1·26 (1·11–1·43)	<0·001
Household water supply
	Public network	..	..	..	..	Ref
	Well, natural source, cistern, or other	..	..	..	..	0·95 (0·84–1·08)	0·44
Sewage disposal system
	Public network	..	..	..	..	Ref	..
	Septic tank, ditch, or other	..	..	..	..	1·55 (1·37–1·75)	<0·001
Electricity in family home
	Home meter	..	..	..	..	Ref	..
	Community meter	..	..	..	..	0·90 (0·71–1·15)	0·41
	Illegal electricity, gas lighting, candlelight, or other	..	..	..	..	1·19 (1·05–1·35)	0·01
Waste collection system
	Public collection system	..	..	..	..	Ref	..
	Burned, buried, outdoor disposal, or other	..	..	..	..	0·79 (0·68–0·93)	0·004
Density (individuals per room)
	≤0·5	..	..	..	..	Ref	..
	>0·5–0·75	..	..	..	..	1·22 (1·01–1·46)	0·04
	>0·75–1·00	..	..	..	..	1·15 (0·96–1·38)	0·22
	>1·00	..	..	..	..	1·21 (1·01–1·44)	0·04

IRRs for leprosy new case detection were obtained using generalised linear Poisson models with clustered SEs to account for clustering by family. A complete-case analysis approach was used excluding from all models individuals with missing data in any of the three models. Follow-up time was censored when individuals turned 15 or were diagnosed with leprosy, whichever event occurred first. IRR=incidence rate ratio.

^*Covariates in model 2 were adjusted for covariates from model 1 with p<0·1 (ie, model 2 was adjusted for region and location of family home).

^†Covariates in model 3 are adjusted for covariates from model 1 and model 2 with p<0·1 (ie, model 3 was adjusted for region, location of family home, ethnicity, education, and employment; model 3 was also adjusted for income per capita despite p>0·1 because it was considered a relevant confounder).