Table 3.
CAF-mediated inhibition of anti-tumor cytotoxicity.
| Effect on immune cells | Type of immune cell | Cancer type | Tumor site | Molecules produced by CAFs | Targeted | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Inhibiting NK cytotoxic activities | NK cells | Melanoma | Metastatic lesions | PGE2 | No | (97) |
| Hepatocellular carcinoma | Primary | PGE2 and IDO | No | (98) | ||
| Exclusion of CD8+ T cells | T cells | Pancreatic | Primary | CXCL12 | Depletion of FAP+ cells | (45, 92, 108) |
| Urothelial cancer | Metastatic lesions | TGF-β | No | (109) | ||
| Inhibition of T cell activity | Pancreatic | Primary | PD-L1,2 and COX-2 | PGE2 inhibitor | (110) | |
| Colorectal | Primary | TGF-β | TGF-β inhibitor | (110) | ||
| Exclusion and killing of CD8+ T cells | Lung adeno-carcinoma and melanoma | Primary | FAS-L and PD-L2 | No | (112) | |
| Suppression of proliferationand activation | Breast | Primary | FAP and PDPN; TGF-β | No | (117) | |
| Cervical cancer | Primary | CD39 and CD73 | No | (105) |