Table 2.

The strengths and weaknesses of various non-invasive imaging modalities in the clinical assessment of the mitral valve and MR.

	TTE	TOE	sCMR	sCMR + 4D Flow
Etiology of MR	++	+++	+	++
Carpentier classification	++	+++	+	+
Number of regurgitant Jets	++	++	++	+++
Eccentricity of jet	++	++	++	+++
LV volume/function	+	++	+++	+++
LA volume	+	+	+++	+++
LV scar	+	+	+++	+++
LV edema	–	–	+++	+++
MR volume
Direct	–	–	+	+++
Indirect	+	++	+++	+++

4D flow CMR is complementary to TTE, TOE, and standard CMR (sCMR). The addition of 4D flow to sCMR allows for better direct quantification of MR and visualization of regurgitant jets.