Table 1.
Synopsis of the resistance exercise interventions in human participants with type 1 diabetes.
| References | Title | Participant characteristics | Exercise characteristics | Main outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Durak et al. (17) | Randomized crossover study of effect of resistance training on glycaemic control, muscular strength, and cholesterol in type I diabetic men |
N = Eight adults Age (years): 31 ± 3.5 BMI (kg/m2): 25.9 ± 0.48 Gender: ♂ 8 ♀ 0 VO2max (ml·kg·min−1): HbA1c (%): Diabetes duration: 12.3 ± 9.8 |
Intervention: Chronic Intervention duration: 10 weeks. 3* p/w. Exercise duration: 60 min Exercise Modality: Whole body RE 6 upper body and 4 lower body exercises Major to minor muscle group sequence Exercise Intensity: Heavy, progressive RE designed to reach muscular failure in the latter sets. <12 reps per exercise. Total of 40–50 sets during a typical session. Rests between sets ranged from 30 s to 2 min |
Glycaemia |
| Jimenez et al. (18) | Insulin-sensitivity response to a single bout of resistive exercise in type 1 diabetes mellitus |
N = Fourteen adults TG: 7 CG: 7 Age (years): TG: 23.4 ± 4.0 CG: 26.3 ± 6.7 BMI (kg/m2): TG: 28.3 CG: 24.2 Gender: ♂ 11 ♀ 3 Co-morbidities: -Exercise: Physically active VO2max (ml·kg·min−1):- HbA1c (%): 6.8 ± 1.5 Diabetes duration: - |
Intervention: Acute Exercise duration: Exercise Modality: Lower limb Exercise Intensity: 80% 5 sets 6 repetitions Exercise Classification: Strength |
Glycaemia, CVD biomarkers |
| D'hooge et al. (19) | Influence of combined aerobic and resistance training on metabolic control, cardiovascular fitness and quality of life in adolescents with type 1 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial |
N = Sixteen Children Age (years): 10–18 BMI (kg/m2): Gender: VO2max (ml·kg·min−1): HbA1c (%): Diabetes duration: |
Intervention: Chronic Intervention duration: 20 weeks 2* p/w Exercise duration: 70 min Exercise Modality: Combined AE and RE Exercise Intensity: RE; - 20 RM 0–6 weeks - 17 RM 6–12 weeks - 12 RM 12–20 weeks |
Glycaemia, CRF, Quality of Life |
| Yardley et al. (20) Yardley et al. (21) |
Performing resistance exercise before vs. after aerobic exercise influences growth hormone secretion in type 1 diabetes Effects of performing resistance exercise before vs. after aerobic exercise on glycemia in type 1 diabetes |
N = Twelve adults Age (years): 31.8 ± 15.3 BMI (kg/m2): 25.3 ± 3.0 Gender: Mixed ♂ 10 ♀ 2 VO2max (ml·kg·min−1) 51.2 ± 10.8 HbA1c (%):7.1 ± 1.1 Diabetes duration: 12.5 ± 10.0 |
Intervention: Acute Exercise duration: 45 min Exercise Modality: AE before RE (AR) RE before AE (RA) Exercise Intensity: AE 60% VO2peak RE: 67% 1RM. 3 sets 10 reps RE Classification: Hypertrophy |
Glycaemia |
| Silveira et al. (22) | Acute effects of different intensities of resistance training on glycaemic fluctuations in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus |
N = Twelve adults Age (years): 24.4 ± 6.4 BMI (kg/m2): 21.3 ± 2.9 Gender: ♂ 6 ♀ 6 VO2max (ml·kg·min−1): HbA1c (%): Diabetes duration: 7.3 ± 6.8 |
Intervention: Acute Exercise duration: 70 min Exercise Modality: RE Exercise Intensity: 60% 1RM vs. 89% 1RM |
Glycaemia |
| Turner et al. (23) | Reductions in resistance exercise-induced hyperglycaemic episodes are associated with circulating interleukin-6 in Type 1 diabetes |
N = Eight adults Age (years): 38 BMI (kg/m2): 26.9 ± 4.1 Gender: Mixed ♂ 7 ♀ 1 VO2max (ml·kg·min−1): HbA1c (%): 8.7 ±1.0 Diabetes duration (years): 15 ±13 |
Intervention: Acute Exercise duration: 42 min Exercise Modality: Circuit RE Eight whole body exercises Exercise Intensity: RE: 67% 1RM. 3 sets 10 reps RE Classification: Hypertrophy |
Glycaemia and Inflammation |
| Turner et al. (24) | Impact of single and multiple sets of resistance exercise in type 1 diabetes |
N = Eight adults Age (years): 38 BMI (kg/m2): 26.9 ± 4.1 Gender: Mixed ♂ 7 ♀ 1 VO2max (ml·kg·min−1): HbA1c (%): 8.7 ±1.0 Diabetes duration (years): 15 ±13 |
Intervention: Acute Exercise duration: 42 min Set 1 (14 min) Set 2 (28 min) Set 3 (42 min) Exercise Modality: Circuit RE Eight whole body exercises Exercise Intensity: RE: 67% 1RM. 3 sets 10 reps RE Classification: Hypertrophy |
Glycaemia |
| Waclawovsky et al. (25) | Exercise on progenitor cells in healthy subjects and patients with type 1 diabetes |
N = Fourteen adults Age (years): 30.3 ± 1.6 BMI (kg/m2): 26.2 ± 0.8 Gender: ♂ 14 VO2peak (ml·kg·min−1): 37.1 ± 1.4 HbA1c (%):7.7% ± 0.2 Diabetes duration (years): 30 ± 1.6 |
Intervention: Acute Exercise duration: 40 min Exercise Modality: Combined AE and RE AE (cycle ergometry) RE (four lower limb exercises) Exercise Intensity: AE: 40–60% VO2max RE: 60% 1RM RE Classification: Hypertrophy |
Microvascular |
| Turner et al. (26) | Similar magnitude of post-exercise hyperglycaemia despite manipulating resistance exercise intensity in type 1 diabetes individuals |
N = Eight adults Age (years): 34 ± 7 BMI (kg/m2): 25.7 ± 1.6 Gender: Mixed ♂ 7 ♀ 1 VO2max (ml·kg·min−1): HbA1c (%): 8.7 ±1.0 Diabetes duration (years): 15 ±13 |
Intervention: Acute Exercise duration: 42 min Exercise Modality: Circuit RE Six whole body exercises Exercise Intensity: 2 sets of 20 reps @ 30% 1RM (LOW) 2 sets of 10 reps @ 60% 1RM (MOD) RE Classification: Muscular endurance vs. Hypertrophy |
Glycaemia |
| Zaharieva et al. (27) | The effects of basal insulin suspension at the start of exercise on blood glucose levels during continuous vs. circuit-based exercise in individuals with type 1 diabetes on continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion |
N = Twelve adults Age (years): 32 ± 11 BMI (kg/m2): 23.5 Gender: Mixed ♂ 6 ♀ 6 VO2max (ml·kg·min−1): 50.1 ± 13.7 HbA1c (%): 7.0 ± 0.9 Diabetes duration (years):−2–43 |
Intervention: Acute Exercise duration: 40 min Exercise Modality: Mixed AE: Treadmill walk RE: Circuit Exercise Intensity: AE: 40–50% VO2max RE: HIIE circuit training Exercise Classification: Circuit |
Glycaemia |
| Reddy et al. (28) | Effect of aerobic and resistance exercise on glycemic control in adults with type 1 diabetes |
N
= Ten adults Age (years): 33 ± 6 BMI (kg/m2): 24.4 ± 2.1 Gender: ♂ 4 ♀ 6 Co-morbidities: - Exercise: Physically active VO2max (ml·kg·min−1): 46.8 ± 11.55 HbA1c (%): 7.4% ± 1% Diabetes duration: 18 ± 10 |
Intervention: Acute/Training (1 week) Two sessions of RE. Two sessions of AE. Control (no exercise) Exercise duration: 45 min Exercise Modality: RE: Whole body (Leg press, bench press, leg extension, leg flexion and seated row) AE: Treadmill running Exercise Intensity: RE:60–80% 1RM. 3 sets 8-12 repetitions AE: 60% VO2max Exercise Classification: RE: Hypertrophy AE: MICE |
Glycaemia |
N, number of participants; BMI, body mass index; HbA1c, Glycated haemoglobin; RE, Resistance exercise; AE, aerobic exercise; RM, repetition maximum; VO2, Volume of oxygen consumed; Reps, repetitions.