Table 4.
Mechanisms of the main active components of single flavored Chinese Medicine on organic injury induced by ischemia/reperfusion.
| Active ingredients | Herb source | Possible mechanisms (signaling pathway) | Citation | Structure |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Salvia miltiorrhiza | Miltiorrhiza | 1. Regulation of energy metabolism (p-JNK-NF-kappaB-TRPC6 pathway) 2. Attenuation of oxidative stress (Akt/Nrf2/HO-1 pathway) 3. Anti-inflammation 4. Anti-apoptosis (increase expression of Bcl-2 and increase Bcl-2/Bax ratio, affect Akt, and ERK1/2 phosphorylation) |
1. Meng et al., 2016 2. Hu et al., 2016 3. Yin et al., 2013 4. Yu et al., 2015; Fan et al., 2016 |
 |
| Salvianolic acid A | Miltiorrhiza | 1. Anti-apoptosis (increase Bcl-2/Bax ratio via JNK/PI3K/Akt signaling pathway) | 1. Chen et al., 2016 |  |
| Salvianolic acid B | Miltiorrhiza | 1. Improve circulation (increase expression of NO via up-regulating eNOS phosphorylation) 2. Attenuation of oxidative stress (increase SOD and decrease MDA) 3. Anti-apoptosis |
1. Pan et al., 2011 2. Xue et al., 2014 3. Xue et al., 2014 |
 |
| Tanshinone I | Miltiorrhiza | 1. Anti-inflammation | 1. Park et al., 2014 |  |
| Tanshinone IIA | Miltiorrhiza | 1. Improve circulation (increase expression of NO via up-regulating eNOS phosphorylation) 2. Attenuation of oxidative stress (increase SOD and HO-1, decrease MDA, increase NADPH oxidase via AMPK/Akt/PKC pathway) 3. Anti-inflammation (decrease TNF-alpha and IL-6 via PI3K/Akt-dependent pathway) 4. Anti-apoptosis (decrease caspase-3 activity via Akt/FOXO3A/Bim-mediated signal pathway) |
1. Pan et al., 2011 2. Tang et al., 2014; Wei et al., 2014 3. Zhang et al., 2010 4. Zhang et al., 2013 |
 |
| Paeonol | Radix Paeoniae rubra | 1. Anti-inflammation 2. Anti-apoptosis (increase expression of Bcl-2 and increase Bcl-2/Bax ratio) |
1. Ma et al., 2016 2. Nizamutdinova et al., 2008 |
 |
| Paeoniflorin | Radix Paeoniae rubra | 1. Anti-apoptosis (increase expression of Bcl-2 and increased Bcl-2/Bax ratio) | 1. Tang et al., 2010 |  |
| Notoginsenoside r1 | Pseudo-Ginseng | 1. Anti-inflammation (decrease IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-alpha) 2. Regulation of energy metabolism (ROCK-dependent ATP5D modulation) 3. Anti-apoptosis (increase Bcl-2 expression) 4. Attenuation of oxidative stress (increase SOD, and decrease MDA) 5. Attenuation of endoplasmic reticulum stress |
1. Chen et al., 2008; Li et al., 2014; Xia et al., 2015 2. He et al., 2014; Li et al., 2014 3. Liu et al., 2010 4. Xia et al., 2015 5. Yu et al., 2016 |
 |
| Ginsenoside Rb1 | Ginseng | 1. Anti-apoptosis (increase Bcl-2 expression and increased Bcl-2/Bax ratio via PI3K/Akt pathway) 2. Attenuation of oxidative stress (increase SOD, and decrease MDA) 3. Improve circulation (increase NO expression via up-regulating eNOS phosphorylation) |
1. Wang et al., 2008; Wu et al., 2011 2. Chan et al., 2012 3. Leng et al., 2015 |
 |
| Ginsenoside Rb3 | Ginseng | 1. Attenuation of oxidative stress (increase SOD, and decrease MDA) 2. Anti-apoptosis (increase Bcl-2 expression and increase Bcl-2/Bax ratio) |
1. Liu et al., 2014 2. Liu et al., 2014 |
 |
| Ginsenoside Rd | Ginseng | 1. Attenuation of oxidative stress (decrease ROS) 2. Anti-apoptosis (increase Bcl-2 expression and increase Bcl-2/Bax ratio, decrease caspase-3 and caspase-9 activity via mitochondrial-dependent apoptotic pathway) |
1. Wang et al., 2013 2. Wang et al., 2013 |
 |
| Ginsenoside Re | Ginseng | 1. Anti-inflammation (decrease TNF-alpha) | 1. Lim et al., 2013 |  |
| Ginsenoside Rg1 | Ginseng | 1. Anti-inflammation (decrease TNF-alpha and IL-1beta, in part via the NF-κB signaling pathway) | 1. Tao et al., 2014; Deng et al., 2015 |  |
| Ginsenoside Rg3 | Ginseng | 1. Attenuation of oxidative stress (increase SOD) 2. Anti-apoptosis (increase Bcl-2 expression and increase Bcl-2/Bax ratio) 3. Improve circulation (increase NO expression via up-regulating eNOS phosphorylation) |
1. Wang et al., 2015 2. Wang et al., 2015 3. Wang et al., 2015 |
 |
| Borneol | Borneol | 1. Attenuation of oxidative stress (decrease ROS) | 1. Liu and Niu, 2011 |  |
| Ligustrazine | Rhizome of Chuanxiong | 1. Attenuation of oxidative stress (increase SOD and decrease MDA) 2. Improve circulation (increase NO expression via up-regulating eNOS phosphorylation) 3. Anti-inflammation (decrease the expression of NF-κB via inhibiting P38MAPK pathway) 4. Anti-apoptosis (increase Bcl-2 expression and increase Bcl-2/Bax ratio) |
1. Liu et al., 2011; Lv et al., 2012 2. Lv et al., 2012 3. Qian et al., 2014 4. Zhai et al., 2011 |
 |
| Astragaloside IV | Astragalus membranaceus | 1. Promoting angiogenesis (increase the expression of VEGF) 2. Anti-apoptosis (increase Bcl-2 expression and increase Bcl-2/Bax ratio, decrease caspase-3) 3. Anti-inflammation (decrease the expression of TNF-alpha and NF-κB) 4. Improve circulation (increase NO expression via up-regulating eNOS phosphorylation) 5. Attenuation of oxidative stress (reduce ROS to via the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway) |
1. Yu et al., 2015 2. Tu et al., 2013; Lu et al., 2015 3. Tu et al., 2013; Lu et al., 2015 4. Liu et al., 2010 5. Zhang et al., 2014 |
 |
| Astragalus polysaccharides | Astragalus membranaceus | 1. Anti-inflammatory (via the p38 MAPK signaling pathway) | 1. Zhu et al., 2013 |  |
| Hirudin | Leech | 1. Attenuate coagulation and enhance microvascular flow during reperfusion | 1. Jormalainen et al., 2004 |  |
| Hydroxysafflor yellow A | Safflower | 1. Attenuation of oxidative stress (Akt/Nrf2/HO-1 pathway, decrease ROS) 2. Improve circulation (increase NO expression via up-regulating eNOS phosphorylation) |
1. He et al., 2008; Hu et al., 2016 2. Liu et al., 2008 |
 |
HO-1, heme oxygenase-1; SOD, super oxide dismutase; PI3K, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; ROS, reactive oxygen species; eNOS, endothelial nitric oxide synthase; MDA, malonaldehyde; NADPH, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor; NF-κB, nuclear factor κB.