Table 3.
Barriers and Facilitators to uptake of CCS by study design
| Barriers | Identified as statistically significant in QN study (# studies) | Identified as proportion or other result in QN study (# studies) | Identified in a QL study (# studies) | Total # studies in which identified |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Poor knowledge of CC | _ | _ |
1. Hasahya 2016 2. Mwaka 2013 3. Ndejjo 2017b 4. Teng 2014 |
4 |
| Poor knowledge of CCS | _ | _ |
1. Hasahya 2016 2. Mwaka 2013 3. Ndejjo 2017b |
3 |
| Low perceived risk of CC | _ |
1. Mutyaba 2006 2. Ndejjo 2017a 3. Twinomujuni 2015 |
_ | 3 |
| CC not considered significant / CCS not considered important | _ |
1. Twinomujuni 2015 2. Waiswa 2017 |
1. Teng 2014 | 3 |
| Embarrassment | _ | _ |
1. Hasahya 2016 2. Mwaka 2013 3. Ndejjo 2017b 4. Paul 2013 5. Teng 2014 |
5 |
| Lack of privacy | _ |
1. Busingye 2012 2. Teng 2014 |
1. Mitchell 2011 2. Twinomujuni 2015 |
4 |
| Fear of screening | _ |
1. Li 2017 2. Twinomujuni 2015 |
1. Busingye 2012 2. Hasahya 2016 3. Mwaka 2013 4. Paul 2013 5. Teng 2014 |
7 |
| Fear of outcome | _ | _ |
1. Busingye 2012 2. Hasahya 2016 3. Ndejjo 2017b 4. Paul 2013 5. Teng 2014 |
5 |
| Lack of financial / emotional support from spouse | _ | _ | 1. Mwaka 2013 | 1 |
| Stigma | _ | _ |
1. Busingye 2012 2. Hasahya 2016 3. Ndejjo 2017b 4. Teng 2014 |
4 |
| Traditional healers accessed over HCWs | _ | _ | 1. Ndejjo 2017b | 1 |
| Older age | _ | 1. Mitchell 2011 | _ | 1 |
| Residing in a remote or rural area | _ | 1. Waiswa 2017 |
1. Hasahya 2016 2. Mwaka 2013 3. Ndejjo 2017b 4. Paul 2013 |
5 |
| Limited access to CCS facility | 1. Ndejjo 2016 |
1. Osingada 2015 2. Waiswa 2017 |
1. Mwaka 2013 2. Ndejjo 2017b |
5 |
| Limited resources and health infrastructure | _ | 1. Mutyaba 2006 |
1. Hasahya 2016 2. Mwaka 2013 3. Ndejjo 2017b 4. Paul 2013 |
5 |
| No time / long wait times | _ | 1. Li 2017 |
1. Busingye 2012 2. Paul 2013 |
3 |
| Perceiving HCWs as rude | _ | _ | 1. Ndejjo 2017b | 1 |
| Lack of trained HCWs | _ | _ | 1. Mwaka 2013 | 1 |
| Financial costs associated with CCS | _ | 1. Twinomujuni 2015 |
1. Mwaka 2013 2. Ndejjo 2017b 3. Paul 2013 |
4 |
| Facilitators | Identified as statistically significant in QN study (# studies) | Identified as proportion or other result in QN study (# studies) | Identified in a QL study (# studies | Total # studies in which identified |
| Knowledge of CC | _ | _ |
1. Ndejjo 2017b 2. Teng 2014 |
2 |
| Knowledge of CCS |
1. Ndejjo 2016 2. Ndejjo 2017a |
_ | _ | 2 |
| Perceived risk of CC |
1. Mitchell 2011 2.Twinomujuni 2015 |
1. Ndejjo 2017a | _ | 3 |
| CC considered significant disease / CCS considered important | _ | 1. Ndejjo 2017a | _ | 1 |
| Experiencing signs / symptoms of CC | – | 1. Ndejjo 2016 |
1. Ndejjo 2017b 2. Paul 2013 |
3 |
| Fear of outcome | _ | _ | 1. Paul 2013 | 1 |
| Not afraid of outcome | 1. Twinomujuni 2015 | _ | _ | 1 |
| Wanted to know health status | _ |
1. Ndejjo 2016 2. Ndejjo 2017a |
1. Ndejjo 2017b | 3 |
| Family or spousal support | _ | 1. Twinomujuni 2015 | 1. Paul 2013 | 2 |
| Personal / family experiences with CC or CCS | 1. Ndejjo 2016 | _ |
1. Hasahya 2016 2. Ndejjo 2017b |
3 |
| Recommended to attend screening |
1, Ndejjo 2016 2. Osingada 201 |
1. Twinomujuni 2015 |
1. Mwaka 2013 2. Paul 2013 |
5 |
| Age > 25 years | 1. Osingada 2015 | _ | _ | 1 |
| Postsecondary or greater education | 1. Busingye 2012 | _ | _ | 1 |
| Higher income | 1. Ndejjo 2017a | _ | _ | 1 |
| Formal employment | 1. Twinomujuni 2015 | _ | _ | 1 |
| Living with spouse | 1. Twinomujuni 2015 | _ | _ | 1 |
| Smaller household size | 1. Ndejjo 2016 | _ | _ | 1 |
| Residing in urban or semi urban areas | 1. Ndejjo 2016 | _ | _ | 1 |
| Access to health facility where CCS offered | _ | 1. Ndejjo 2017a | _ | 1 |
| Not being concerned about gender of HCW | 1. Osingada 2015 | _ | _ | 1 |
| Community Outreach | 1. Osingada 2015 | _ | _ | 1 |
QN = quantitative study QL = qualitative study