Fig. 1.

Differentiated astrocytes from human stem cells respond to cytokines. a NCRM-1 iPSC-derived NSPCs differentiated to astrocytes for 5–7 weeks in vitro express glial cell lineage markers CD44, GFAP, VIMENTIN, and S100β. b Chronic TNFα but not IL-1β treatment results in a significant dose-dependent increase in NF-κβ phosphorylation measured by Western blot densitometry. *p < 0.05 one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons test. Data are presented as mean ± SD, n = 3. c Anti-NF-κβ immunocytochemistry reveals increased NF-κβ nuclear localization with chronic TNFα treatment