Fig. 2.

TNFα but not IL-1β treatment suppresses glutamate uptake and enhances phagocytic activity by differentiated astrocytes. a Glutamate uptake by astrocyte cultures is significantly reduced following chronic treatment with TNFα but not IL-1β (**p < 0.01, *p < 0.05 one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons test, cytokine n = 3, vehicle n = 6). b The number of phagocytic astrocytes (measured as the percent of fluorescent positive cells) and the rate of phagocytosis (measured as the mean fluorescent intensity, MFI) are significantly increased by TNFα but not IL-1β. **p < 0.01, *p < 0.05 unpaired Student’s t test, n = 3–4. Data are presented as mean ± SD