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. 2019 Aug 9;19:1080. doi: 10.1186/s12889-019-7265-4

Table 2.

GRADE evidence of included studies

Author, year Certainty assessment Certainty (GARDE)
Study design Risk of bias Inconsistency Indirectness Imprecision Other considerations
Keeler and Fok, 1996 [29] Interrupted time series serious single study not serious not serious none ⨁⨁⨁⊖
MODERATE
Lo, 2008 [30] Interrupted time series not serious single study not serious not serious none ⨁⨁⨁⨁
HIGH
Misra, 2008 [31] Cohort (one group pre + post (before and after) not serious single study not serious not serious none ⨁⨁⨁⨁
HIGH
Hong and Linn, 2012 [32] Interrupted time series serious single study not serious not serious none ⨁⨁⨁⊖
MODERATE
Liu et al., 2013 [33] Interrupted time series critical serious single study not serious not serious none ⨁⨁ ⊖ ⊖
LOW
Chen et al., 2014 [34] Interrupted time series not serious single study not serious not serious none ⨁⨁⨁⨁
HIGH
Kim et al., 2016 [35] Cohort (one group pre + post (before and after) serious single study not serious not serious none ⨁⨁⨁⨁
HIGH
Liu et al., 2018 [36] Cohort (one group pre + post (before and after) serious single study not serious not serious none ⨁⨁⨁⊖
MODERATE
Kozhimannil, 2018 [37] Cohort analytic (two group pre + post) not serious single study not serious not serious none ⨁⨁⨁⨁
HIGH