Table 1.
Characteristics of the included studies (N = 18)
| First Author, Years | Age (Mean) | Subjects n1 + n2 | Database | Outcomes | Cancer type | Pharmacological strategies | Non-pharmacological strategies used in experimental group | Care time (week) | Settings | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| experimental group | control group | |||||||||
| Li, 2006 [30] | 76.26 | 38 + 38 | CNKI/Vip/Wangfang | VAS | Mixed | intravenous analgesic pumps | WHO 3-step ladder | – | 4 | general hospital |
| Huang, 2010 [28] | 60–88 (72.79) | 40 + 80 | CNKI/Wanfang | VAS | Mixed | WHO 3-step ladder | WHO 3-step ladder | – | 4 | primary hospital |
| Xu, 2014 [35] | 58.7 | 25 + 25 | CNKI/Vip/Wangfang | VAS | Mixed | Analgesic drugs | Analgesic drugs | – | 3 | CTM hospital |
| Kang, 2015 [29] | 52–78 (68.2) | 34 + 34 | All | VAS | Liver | intravenous analgesic pumps | – | – | – | general hospital |
| Wu, 2015 [33] | 43 | 74 + 74 | Wanfang | NRS | Mixed | WHO 3-step ladder | – | Music and Sport | – | general hospital |
| Liu, 2016 [31] | 55–81 (68.75) | 32 + 32 | All | VAS | Liver | WHO 3-step ladder | WHO 3-step ladder | Music and Massage | 2 | general hospital |
| Su, 2016 [25] | 43–78 (72) | 63 + 63 | All | VAS | Liver |
WHO 3-step ladder morphine sulfate (30-60 mg, 1–2/s), nefopam, dolantin |
Analgesic drugs | Not in detail | 4 | general hospital |
| Fei, 2016 [24] | 45–83 (60.47) | 26 + 26 | CNKI/Vip/Wangfang | VAS | Liver | Analgesic drugs | – | Music and Meridian | – | general hospital |
| Wu, 2017 [34] | 59–80 (69.41) | 10 + 10 | CBM/Vip/Wangfang | VAS | gastric | intravenous analgesia | – | Acupuncture, Music Massage and Communicate | – | CTM hospital |
| Luo, 2017 [32] | 32–70 (48.9) | 25 + 25 | All | NRS | Liver | WHO 3-step ladder | – | Acupuncture, Music and Psychotherapy | 4 | general hospital |
| Gao, 2017 [26] | 28–86 (51.42) | 34 + 34 | Wanfang | VAS | Mixed | intravenous analgesic pumps | – | Music | – | general hospital |
| He, 2017 [27] | 34–86 (62.13) | 40 + 40 | All | NRS | Mixed |
WHO 3-step ladder pump high-dose morphine |
– | Massage and Communicate | – | general hospital |
| Yao, 2017 [36] | 42–80 (60.5) | 30 + 30 | Wanfang | VAS | Liver | Analgesic drugs | – | Music and Meridian | – | general hospital |
| Zhang, 2018 [37] | 27–82 (63.95) | 45 + 45 | All | VAS | Lung |
Analgesic drugs morphine |
– | – | 4 | general hospital |
| You, 2018 [38] | 50–75 (59.58) | 34 + 34 | CNKI | NRS | Mixed | Analgesic drugs | Analgesic drugs | Music and Communicate | – | general hospital |
| Rao, 2018 [39] | 33–77 (56.55) | 40 + 40 | CNKI/Vip/Wangfang | VAS | Liver | WHO 3-step ladder | Analgesic drugs | Music, Communicate and Massage | – | general hospital |
| Cao, 2018 [40] | 38–74 (51.39) | 25 + 25 | Wanfang | VAS | Liver | Analgesic drugs | – | Music and Communicate | – | general hospital |
| Yang, 2019 [41] | 60–80 (71.25) | 50 + 50 | CNKI/Wangfang | VAS | Lung | Analgesic drugs | – | – | 12 | general hospital |
Abbreviations: n1 participants in experimental group, n2 participants in control group, VAS Visual Analogue Scales, NRS Numerical Rating Scales, CTM Chinese traditional medicine