Table 4.
Dynamic System GMM Regression Model (Low-Income countries)
VARIABLES | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ln PHEit-1 | 0.649*** | 0.706*** | 0.658*** | 0.644*** | 0.695*** | 0.732*** |
(0.030) | (0.027) | (0.029) | (0.030) | (0.028) | (0.026) | |
ln TRit | 0.030 | 0.035 | ||||
(0.028) | (0.027) | |||||
ln DTit | 0.017 | −0.0004 | ||||
(0.018) | (0.017) | |||||
ln ITit | −0.041** | −0.051*** | ||||
(0.018) | (0.018) | |||||
FBit | −0.002*** | −0.002*** | − 0.003*** | |||
(0.0009) | (0.0009) | (0.0009) | ||||
ln DEBTit | 0.015 | 0.0069 | 0.014 | |||
(0.010) | (0.010) | (0.010) | ||||
ln PCGDPit | −0.006 | 0.002 | 0.005 | 0.002 | −0.006 | − 0.002 |
(0.009) | (0.010) | (0.010) | (0.009) | (0.009) | (0.009) | |
ln AGINGit | −0.029 | −0.009 | − 0.008 | −0.017 | − 0.022 | −0.006 |
(0.028) | (0.027) | (0.028) | (0.027) | (0.027) | (0.027) | |
ln IMRit | −0.008 | 0.001 | 0.038 | −0.012 | −0.0007 | − 0.026 |
(0.031) | (0.031) | (0.030) | (0.027) | (0.027) | (0.026) | |
Constant | 0.321 | 0.316 | 0.098 | 0.326** | 0.222 | 0.492*** |
(0.198) | (0.200) | (0.175) | (0.162) | (0.171) | (0.175) | |
AB test AR(2) (p -level) | 0.293 | 0.237 | 0.661 | 0.280 | 0.652 | 0.602 |
Sargan test (p -level) | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 |
Observations | 488 | 488 | 488 | 488 | 488 | 488 |
No. of Country | 48 | 48 | 48 | 48 | 48 | 48 |
Note: Low-income includes the sample of both lower income and lower-middle income countries (Please see Table A1). Standard errors in parentheses; ***, **, * denotes the level of significance at 1, 5, and 10% respectively. ln = natural logarithm
Source: Author’s estimation