Table 1.

Clinical manifestations of EV-A71 infection at different stages

Stage	Diagnosis	Manifestations
1	HFMD, herpangina, fever	Fever, oral ulceration, vesicular rash or small erythematous maculopapular rash on the hands, the feet, the knees, or the buttocks
2	CNS involvement including aseptic meningitis, myoclonic jerk, encephalitis, polio-like syndrome, encephalomyelitis	Myoclonic jerk, limb weakness, lethargy, headache, vomiting, upward gaze, nystagmus, wandering eyes, seizure
3	Autonomic nervous system dysregulation and/or cardiopulmonary failure after CNS involvement	Tachycardia, hyperthermia, profuse sweating, transient hypertension, tachypnea, hypoxia, shock,
4	Convalescence	Some with complete recovery but some with long-term sequelae shown in Table 2

HFMD hand, foot, and mouth disease, CNS central nervous system