Table 2.
Risk and protective factors associated with major structural birth defects
| Characteristics | Cases | Controls | COR with 95% CI | AOR with 95% CI |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Count (%) | Count (%) | |||
| Maternal age | ||||
| ≤ 20 | 10 (10%) | 32 (10.7%) | 1.1 (0.5–2.2) | |
| 20–35 | 75 (75%) | 256 (85.9%) | 1 | 1 |
| > 35 | 15 (15.0%) | 10 (3.4%) | 5 (2.2–11.9) | 4.9 (1.1–23.7) |
| Residence | ||||
| Urban | 51 (21.9%) | 182 (78.1%) | 0.7 (0.4–1.2) | 6.4 (1.9–21.7) |
| Rural | 49 (29.7%) | 116 (70.3%) | 1 | 1 |
| Primary address during 1st trimester | ||||
| Dega | 25 (39.1%) | 39 (60.9%) | 2.8 (1.5–5.2) | 4.3 (1.3–14) |
| Woyina Dega | 34 (18.6%) | 149 (81.4%) | 1 | 1 |
| Kolla | 41 (27.2%) | 110 (72.8%) | 1.6 (1.0–2.7) | |
| Intake of herbal medicine during pregnancy | ||||
| Yes | 40 (40%) | 36 (12%) | 4.9 (2.9–8.2) | 10.9 (4.2–28.1) |
| No | 60 (60%) | 262 (88%) | 1 | 1 |
| Alcohol intake | ||||
| Yes | 92 (92%) | 164 (55%) | 9.4 (4.4–20) | 12.7 (3.3–48.7) |
| No | 8 (8%) | 134 (45%) | 1 | 1 |
| History of high fever during pregnancy | ||||
| Yes | 54 (54%) | 48 (16%) | 6 (3.7–10.0) | 3.4 (1.3–11.6) |
| No | 46 (46%) | 250 (84%) | 1 | 1 |
| Folic acid | ||||
| Yes | 31 (31%) | 228 (76.5%) | 1 | 1 |
| No | 69 (69%) | 70 (23.5%) | 7.2 (4.39–12.0) | 7.3 (2.9–18.8) |
| Counselling for pregnancy preparation | ||||
| Yes | 30 | 190 | 1 | 1 |
| No | 70 | 108 | 4 (2.5–6.7) | 4.8 (1.9–12.1) |