Table 7.
GLMM PTSD. Results from generalized linear mixed models using “PTSD” as positive outcome.
| Model 1 | Model 2 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | Response | OR | p | 95% CI | OR | p | 95% CI |
| Survey wave | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| 2 | 0.49 | 0.002 | (0.31–0.77) | 0.57 | 0.001 | (0.41–0.79) | |
| 3 | 0.83 | 0.322 | (0.58–1.19) | 0.81 | 0.200 | (0.59–1.12) | |
| Age | 15–18 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| 19–25 | 1.91 | 0.204 | (0.70–5.21) | 1.27 | 0.494 | (0.64–2.49) | |
| 26–35 | 2.59 | 0.044 | (1.02–6.54) | 2.03 | 0.034 | (1.05–3.93) | |
| 36–45 | 3.57 | 0.008 | (1.89–9.18) | 2.89 | 0.001 | (1.54–5.42) | |
| 46–55 | 2.82 | 0.034 | (1.08–7.38) | 2.45 | 0.011 | (1.22–4.91) | |
| 56+ | 3.05 | 0.027 | (1.13–8.21) | 2.53 | 0.012 | (1.23–5.23) | |
| Gender | Male | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Female | 1.41 | 0.019 | (1.06–1.89) | 1.39 | 0.008 | (1.09–1.78) | |
| Region of birth | Middle East | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Centra Asia | 0.38 | <0.001 | (0.26–0.56) | 0.42 | <0.001 | (0.32–0.56) | |
| Southern Asia | 0.68 | 0.111 | (0.42–1.09) | 0.57 | 0.019 | (0.36–0.91) | |
| S.E Asia | 0.34 | 0.003 | (0.16–0.70) | 0.27 | <0.001 | (0.15–0.48) | |
| Africa | 0.67 | 0.205 | (0.36–1.25) | 0.65 | 0.089 | (0.40–1.07) | |
| Number of PTEs experienced or witnessed | 0 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| 1 | 1.58 | 0.048 | (1.00–2.49) | 1.54 | 0.054 | (0.99–2.38) | |
| 2+ | 1.83 | 0.005 | (1.20–2.80) | 1.84 | 0.003 | (1.23–2.78) | |
| Number of financial hardships | 0 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| 1–2 | 1.76 | 0.005 | (1.18–2.62) | 1.67 | 0.002 | (1.20–2.30) | |
| 3–4 | 2.74 | <0.001 | (1.58–4.74) | 2.55 | <0.001 | (1.63–3.97) | |
| 5–6 | 2.52 | 0.090 | (0.87–7.31) | 2.84 | 0.020 | (1.18–6.86) | |
| Has a chronic health condition | No | – | – | – | * | * | * |
| Yes | 1.70 | 0.015 | (1.11–2.62) | * | * | * | |
| Overall health past 4 weeks | Excellent–Good | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Fair | 2.51 | <0.001 | (1.57–4.01) | 2.67 | <0.001 | (1.82–3.90) | |
| Poor–Very Poor | 3.53 | <0.001 | (2.06–6.06) | 4.76 | <0.001 | (3.05–7.42) | |
| Selected loneliness as stressor | No | – | – | – | * | * | * |
| Yes | 2.02 | 0.001 | (1.36–3.02) | * | * | * | |
| Received like-ethnic support | No | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Sometimes | 1.53 | 0.075 | (0.96–2.44) | 1.52 | 0.028 | (1.05–2.22) | |
| Yes | 1.62 | 0.027 | (1.06–2.48) | 1.51 | 0.011 | (1.10–2.09) | |
| AIC Criteria | 4,812.0 | 5,634.6 | |||||
| BIC Criteria | 4,980.9 | 5,794.2 | |||||
| Number of observations | 4,894 | 5,713 | |||||
OR, odds ratio; p, p-value; CI, confidence interval; AIC, Akaike’s information criteria; BIC, Bayesian information criteria; S.E Asia, South-East Asia. – = reference response. * = variable not included in model due to missing data >10%. Model 2 includes variables with missing data >10% from the variable selection process. Model 1 includes all variables from the variable selection process.