Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of respondents
| Ghanaians (SSA) n (%) |
Ghanaians (Europe) n (%) |
P value | |
| N | 2492 (44.1) | 3167 (55.9) | 0.001 |
| Female sex | 1672 (67.1) | 1851 (58.5) | 0.001 |
| Age (years) | 47.7±11.9 | 46.6±9.9 | 0.006 |
| Educational status | |||
| Low | 1169 (49.2) | 635 (21.8) | 0.001 |
| Middle | 858 (36.1) | 1111 (38.1) | |
| High | 347 (14.6) | 1168 (40.1) | |
| Negative life events in the past 12 months | |||
| No | 739 (31.3) | 1158 (41.0) | 0.001 |
| Yes | 1619 (68.7) | 1667 (59.0) | |
| Perceived stress at home/work | |||
| Never | 692 (29.4) | 1371 (48.8) | 0.001 |
| Some periods | 1290 (54.7) | 1033 (36.8) | |
| Several/Permanent | 375 (15.9) | 407 (14.4) | |
| Perceived discrimination | |||
| No | 2065 (95.2) | 1960 (70.3) | 0.001 |
| Yes | 104 (4.8) | 829 (29.7) | |
| Depressive symptoms | |||
| No | 2239 (94.9) | 2582 (92.5) | 0.001 |
| Yes | 119 (5.1) | 209 (7.5) | |
| Migration generation | |||
| First | Not applicable | 2868 (98.7) | Not applicable |
| Second | Not applicable | 38 (1.3) | Not applicable |
| BMI | |||
| Normal (<25 kg/m2) | 1373 (55.2) | 643 (20.4) | 0.001 |
| Overweight (25≤30 kg/m2) | 684 (27.5) | 1350 (42.8) | |
| Obese (>30 kg/m2) | 432 (17.3) | 1163 (36.8) | |
| Currently smoking | 36 (1.5) | 121 (4.1) | 0.001 |
| Physical activity | 1255 (52.8) | 1131 (44.0) | 0.001 |
| Hypacholesterolemia | 352 (14.2) | 354 (11.3) | 0.007 |
| Type 2 diabetes | 206 (8.3) | 444 (14.0) | 0.001 |
| Hypertension | 837 (33.6) | 1801 (56.9) | 0.001 |
| ACR | |||
| A1<3 mg/mmol | 2215 (90.2) | 2814 (91.8) | 0.001 |
| A2–A3≥3 mg/mmol | 243 (9.8) | 252 (8.2) | |
| eGFR | |||
| G1–G2≥60 mL/min/1.73 m2 | 2377 (96.3) | 2936 (97.4) | 0.018 |
| G3a–G5<60 mL/min/1.73 m2 | 85 (3.7) | 78 (2.6) | |
| CKD risk | |||
| Low risk | 2197 (89.6) | 2705 (91.5) | 0.015 |
| Moderate-to-very high risk | 256 (10.4) | 252 (8.5) |
A1, normal to mildly increased; A2–A3, moderately increased to severely increased; ACR, albumin creatinine ratio; BMI, body mass index; CKD, chronic kidney disease; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; G1–G2, normal to high kidney function to mildly decreased; G3a–G5, mildly to moderately decreased to kidney failure; N, number of respondents; SSA, sub-Saharan Africa.