Table 5.
Association of PS indicators (negative life events, discrimination, stress at work/home and depressive symptoms) with albuminuria, reduced eGFR and CKD risk among Ghanaians in three European cities
| Albuminuria (ACR≥3 mg/mmol) | eGFR<60 mL/min/1.73 m2 | High-to-very high CKD risk (KDIGO, 2012) | |||||||
| n (%) | OR (95% CI) | n (%) | OR (95% CI) | n (%) | OR (95% CI) | ||||
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 1 | Model 2 | ||||
| Negative events | |||||||||
| Amsterdam | |||||||||
| No | 548 (7.3) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) | 534 (2.4) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference)) | 521 (7.5) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) |
| Yes | 784 (7.8) | 1.08 (0.71 to 1.63) | 1.18 (0.77 to 1.81) | 764 (2.9) | 1.11 (0.55 to 2.23) | 1.15 (0.55 to 2.37) | 742 (8.0) | 1.06 (0.69 to 1.62) | 1.08 (0.71 to 1.66) |
| Berlin | |||||||||
| No | 213 (9.9) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) | 213 (2.4) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) | 213 (10.8) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) |
| Yes | 329 (10.9) | 1.12 (0.63 to 1.99) | 1.19 (0.67 to 2.15) | 330 (1.8) | 0.64 (0.19 to 2.17) | 0.61 (0.18 to 2.11) | 329 (9.4) | 0.86 (0.48 to 1.52) | 0.91 (0.51 to 1.63) |
| London | |||||||||
| No | 367 (8.7) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) | 359 (3.1) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) | 356 (8.7) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) |
| Yes | 502 (7.8) | 0.89 (0.55 to 1.46) | 0.83 (0.49 to 1.41) | 493 (2.2) | 0.68 (0.28 to 1.65) | 0.58 (0.22 to 1.51) | 486 (9.1) | 1.04 (0.64 to 1.68) | 0.99 (0.58 to 1.68) |
| Discrimination | |||||||||
| Amsterdam | |||||||||
| No | 956 (8.3) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) | 935 (2.9) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) | 909 (8.5) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) |
| Yes | 363 (5.0) | 0.59 (0.34 to 1.00) | 0.59 (0.35 to 1.02) | 349 (2.1) | 0.69 (0.30 to 1.62) | 0.81 (0.34 to 1.91) | 342 (5.9) | 0.69 (0.41 to 1.14) | 0.69 (0.41 to 1.16) |
| Berlin | |||||||||
| No | 329 (10.0) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) | 329 (2.1) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) | 329 (10.3) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) |
| Yes | 209 (11.0) | 1.11 (0.63 to 1.95) | 1.16 (0.65 to 2.05) | 210 (1.9) | 0.83 (0.24 to 2.93) | 0.82 (0.23 to 2.91) | 209 (9.1) | 0.86 (0.48 to 1.56) | 0.89 (0.49 to 1.63) |
| London | |||||||||
| No | 614 (7.9) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) | 603 (2.5) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) | 594 (8.9) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) |
| Yes | 238 (7.9) | 1.03 (0.59 to 1.81) | 1.18 (0.65 to 2.15) | 232 (2.6) | 1.29 (0.46 to 3.59) | 1.09 (0.35 to 3.43) | 231 (7.8) | 0.93 (0.53 to 1.63) | 0.98 (0.52 to 1.82) |
| Stress at home/work | |||||||||
| Amsterdam | |||||||||
| Never | 634 (8.4) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) | 622 (3.2) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) | 603 (8.0) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) |
| Some stress | 478 (5.7) | 0.68 (0.42 to 1.11) | 0.69 (0.42 to 1.13) | 462 (1.9) | 0.64 (0.29 to 1.43) | 0.68 (0.30 to 1.52) | 452 (6.0) | 0.74 (0.45 to 1.20) | 0.74 (0.45 to 1.22) |
| Several/Permanent stresses | 210 (9.1) | 1.09 (0.63 to 1.91) | 1.12 (0.64 to 1.95) | 204 (2.5) | 0.71 (0.26 to 1.95) | 0.77 (0.28 to 2.14) | 198 (10.1) | 1.24 (0.71 to 2.14) | 1.26 (0.73 to 2.20) |
| Berlin | |||||||||
| Never | 250 (9.0) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) | 250 (2.0) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) | 250 (6.4) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) |
| Some stress | 196 (15.3) | 2.50 (1.33 to 4.71) | 2.81 (1.46 to 5.40) | 197 (1.5) | 0.88 (0.20 to 3.79) | 0.83 (0.19 to 3.62) | 196 (14.8) | 2.57 (1.34 to 4.90) | 2.78 (1.43 to 5.43) |
| Several/Permanent stresses | 96 (10.4) | 1.64 (0.72 to 3.73) | 1.69 (0.73 to 3.91) | 197 (3.1) | 2.10 (0.47 to 9.46) | 2.04 (0.44 to 9.26) | 76 (9.4) | 1.52 (0.65 to 3.58) | 1.58 (0.66 to 3.75) |
| London | |||||||||
| Never | 446 (9.2) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) | 433 (4.4) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) | 429 (10.5) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) |
| Some stress | 328 (7.0) | 0.73 (0.43 to 1.25) | 0.79 (0.44 to 1.40) | 325 (0.6) | 0.17 (0.04 to 0.73) | 0.09 (0.01 to 0.67) | 320 (6.9) | 0.65 (0.38 to 1.10) | 0.66 (0.37 to 1.19) |
| Several/permanent stresses | 91 (7.7) | 0.81 (0.35 to 1.87) | 0.86 (0.35 to 2.14) | 90 (1.1) | 0.27 (0.03 to 2.12) | 0.24 (0.03 to 2.05) | 74 (8.9) | 0.83 (0.38 to 1.83) | 0.92 (0.39 to 2.16) |
| Depressive symptoms | |||||||||
| Amsterdam | |||||||||
| No | 1199 (7.8) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1135 (2.8) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1135 (7.9) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) |
| Yes | 121 (6.6) | 0.81 (0.39 to 1.72) | 0.83 (0.39 to 1.76) | 118 (1.7) | 0.65 (0.15 to 2.77) | 0.71 (0.16 to 3.06) | 116 (6.9) | 0.83 (0.39 to 1.76) | 0.82 (0.38 to 1.74) |
| Berlin | |||||||||
| No | 503 (10.7) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) | 504 (2.2) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) | 503 (10.1) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) |
| Yes | 34 (5.9) | 0.53 (0.12 to 2.27) | 0.49 (90.11 to 2.13) | 34 (0.0) | * | * | 34 (5.9) | 0.55 (0.13 to 2.37) | 0.52 (0.12 to 2.24) |
| London | |||||||||
| No | 803 (8.3) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) | 785 (2.6) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) | 778 (8.9) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) |
| Yes | 51 (5.9) | 0.67 (0.20 to 2.21) | 0.91 (0.27 to 3.07) | 50 (2.0) | 0.91 (0.11 to 7.43) | 1.15 (0.14 to 9.54) | 49 (8.2) | 0.94 (0.33 to 2.69) | 1.30 (0.44 to 3.81) |
Model 1, adjusted for age and sex; model 2, adjusted for age, sex, educational level and length of stay.
The bold values are significant.
*No case of CKD and therefore ORs were not calculated.
ACR, albumin creatinine ration; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; CKD, chronic kidney disease; KDIGO, Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes; n, total number of Ghanaians living in Amsterdam, Berlin and London among the various levels of PS constructs; PS, psychosocial stressors; %, proportion of individuals with CKD among the various levels of PS constructs in Europe.