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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Aug 9.
Published in final edited form as: J Mach Learn Res. 2014 Aug;15:2629–2652.

Table 5:

Comparison of eight methods

Possible directions Our approach LvLiNGAM SLIM
t-dist. Gaussian Num. lat. conf. Num. lat. conf.
1 4 1 4 10
x1(FO) ← x3(FE)
x2(SI)x1(FO)
x2(SI) ← x3(FE)
x2(SI) ← x4(SO)
x2(SI) ← x5(SE)
x2(SI) ← x6(NS)
x4(SO) ← x1 (FO)
x4(SO) ← x3(FE)
x4(SO) ← x5(SE)
x4(SO) ← x6(NS)
x5(SE) ← x1(FO)
x5(SE) ← x3(FE)
x5(SE) ← x6(NS)
x6(NS) ← x1(FO)
x6(NS) ← x3(FE)

Num. of successes 12 11 10 9 9 7 8
Standard errors 1.55 1.71 1.83 1.90 1.90 1.93 1.93
Precisions 0.80 0.73 0.67 0.60 0.60 0.47 0.53

Possible directions LiNGAM-GC-UK ICA Direct Pairwise PNL
x1(FO) ← x3(FE)
x2(SI) ← x1(FO)
x2(SI) ← x3(FE)
x2(SI) ← x4(SO)
x2(SI) ← x5(SE)
x2(SI) ← x6(NS)
x4(SO) ← x1(FO)
x4(SO) ← x3(FE)
x4(SO) ← x5(SE)
x4(SO) ← x6(NS)
x5(SE) ← x1(FO)
x5(SE) ← x3(FE)
x5(SE) ← x6(NS)
x6(NS) ← x1(FO)
x6(NS) ← x3(FE)

Num. of successes 3 8 9 2 9
Standard errors 1.55 1.93 1.90 1.32 1.90
Precisions 0.20 0.53 0.60 0.13 0.60

FO: Father’s Occupation

FE: Father’s Education

SI: Son’s Income

SO: Son’s Occupation

SE: Son’s Education

NS: Number of Siblings

ICA: ICA-LiNGAM (Shimizu et al., 2006)

Direct: DirectLiNGAM (Shimizu et al., 2011)

Pairwise: Pairwise LiNGAM (Hyvärinen and Smith, 2013)

PNL: Post-nonlinear causal model (Zhang and Hyvärinen, 2009)