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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Aug 9.
Published in final edited form as: J Juv Justice. 2016 Fall;5(2):68–84.

Table 3:

Demographic factors across the classes

Low All Parental Incarceration & Substance Use Poverty & Parental Health Problems High Conflict & High SES High Maltreatment High All
Demographic Indicators: Wald test
Age (mean)a,b,d,e,i,j,m,n 15.64 15.44 15.33 15.52 15.25 15.14 45.58***
Femalea,b,c,d,e,g,h,i,l 0.168 0.236 0.257 0.301 0.306 0.323 102.86***
Caucasiana,c,e,f,h,j,l,m,o 0.571 0.660 0.531 0.650 0.580 0.678 47.56***
African Americanb,e,f,h,j,l,m,o 0.263 0.223 0.319 0.226 0.294 0.201 30.18***
Latinod,e 0.073 0.052 0.066 0.052 0.044 0.042 11.95*
Other race 0.125 0.096 0.101 0.102 0.089 0.085 10.83
Living situation:
Both biological parentsa,b,c,d,e,h,i,k,m,n,o 0.220 0.168 0.140 0.159 0.023 0.097 178.22***
Biological mothera,c,f,g,h,i,j,k,n 0.506 0.586 0.628 0.551 0.163 0.582 443.457***
Biological fathera,g,h,i,l 0.124 0.160 0.109 0.132 0.085 0.151 15.206**
Neither biological parenta,d,g,h,i,k,m,o 0.149 0.087 0.123 0.158 0.728 0.170 792.41***
Foster carea,d,e,g,h,i,j,l,m,n,o 0.008 0.001 0.006 0.013 0.284 0.043 222.00***
a

Superscripts show significant differences between classes: Low All and Parental Incarceration & Substance Use.

b

Low All and Poverty & Parental Health Problems.

c

Low All and High Conflict & High SES.

d

Low All and High Maltreatment.

e

Low All and High All.

f

Parental Incarceration & Substance Use and Poverty & Parental Health Problems.

g

Parental Incarceration & Substance Use and High Conflict & High SES.

h

Parental Incarceration & Substance Use and High Maltreatment.

i

Parental Incarceration & Substance Use and High All.

j

Poverty & Parental Health Problems and High Conflict & High SES.

k

Poverty & Parental Health Problems and High Maltreatment.

l

Poverty & Parental Health Problems and High All.

m

High Conflict & High SES and High Maltreatment.

n

High Conflict & High SES and High All.

o

High Maltreatment and High All.