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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Aug 9.
Published in final edited form as: Phys Rep. 2019 Mar 14;810:1–124. doi: 10.1016/j.physrep.2019.03.001

FIG. 60.

FIG. 60

Examples of handwritten digits (“reconstructions”) generated using various energy-based models using the powerful Paysage package for unsupervised learning. Examples from top to bottom are: the original MNIST database, an RBM with Gaussian units which is equivalent to a Hopfield Model, a Restricted Boltzmann Machine (RBM), a RBM with an L1 penalty for regularization, and a Deep Boltzmann Machine (DBM) with 3 layers. All models have 200 hidden units. See Sec. XVI and corresponding notebook for details