Table 3. Multivariate analysis for the presence of cerebral small vessel disease.

	Presence of cerebral small vessel disease
	HWMHsa	HPVSsb	CMBsc	ALIsd
Sex	0.98 (0.44–2.17)	2.37 (0.88–6.34)†	1.21 (0.57–2.56)	2.13 (1.00–4.57)†
Age	1.07 (1.03–1.11)*	1.04 (1.00–1.08)*	1.00 (0.96–1.04)	1.02 (0.99–1.05)
Body mass index			0.83 (0.73–0.94)*	0.89 (0.80–1.00)†
Hypertension	1.27 (0.63–2.54)		2.45 (1.11–5.44)*
Coronary artery disease			2.01 (0.87–4.66)
Smoking	0.78 (0.34–1.76)
Stroke subtype
SVO	1.01 (0.47–2.18)		3.79 (1.62–8.86)*
LAA	1.18 (0.49–2.80)		1.34 (0.44–4.04)
CE	Reference	Reference	Reference	Reference
Klotho	0.13 (0.01–0.97)*	0.22 (0.10–0.60)*	0.39 (0.04–3.46)	0.53 (0.40–0.64)*
Fibroblast growth factor-23	1.22 (0.70–2.11)		2.85 (1.35–5.99)*	1.86 (0.99–3.52)†
Vitamin D 25(OH)D	0.96 (0.91–1.01)		0.97 (0.92–1.03)
Fasting glucose	1.01 (1.00–1.02)*
Low-density lipoprotein			0.98 (0.97–1.00)†
Haemoglobin	1.03 (0.80–1.32)
Creatinine				1.22 (0.84–1.79)
Albumin	0.50 (0.16–1.57)
Alkaline phosphatase				1.00 (1.00–1.01)*

Data are shown as odds ratio (95% confidence interval)

*: p<0.05,

^†: p<0.1.

HWMHs: high-grade white matter hyperintensities, HPVSs: high-grade perivascular spaces, CMBs: cerebral microbleeds, ALIs: asymptomatic lacunar infarctions, SVO: Small vessel occlusion, LAA: Large artery atherosclerosis, CE: Cardioembolism

^a adjusted for sex, age, hypertension, smoking, stroke subtype and levels of fibroblast growth factor-23, vitamin D 25(OH)D, fasting glucose, haemoglobin, and albumin.

^b adjusted for sex and age.

^c adjusted for sex, age, BMI, hypertension, coronary artery disease, stroke subtype and levels of fibroblast growth factor-23, vitamin D 25(OH)D, and low-density lipoprotein.

^d adjusted for sex, age, BMI and levels of fibroblast growth factor-23, creatinine, and alkaline phosphatase.