Figure 5. Adjusted and unadjusted differences in outcomes among recipients of cardiac resynchronization therapy pacemaker (CRT-P) versus cardiac resynchronization therapy defibrillator (CRT-D) devices.

Negative values indicate lower risk of each outcome among CRT-P recipients. Intervals that exclude 0 are plotted in black. Unadjusted outcomes are shown in the right column. The middle column shows results of adjustment for patient characteristics, after which falsification end points (discharge to skilled nursing facility [SNF] and 30-day mortality) remained significantly different. Thus, the left column demonstrates the impact of including facility tendency as an instrumental variable in the model, which balances falsification end points as shown. HF indicates heart failure; and 2SRI, 2-stage residual inclusion.