. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Sep 1.

Published in final edited form as: Wiley Interdiscip Rev Syst Biol Med. 2019 Mar 18;11(5):e1448. doi: 10.1002/wsbm.1448

Table 3.

Local Ca²⁺ signals in endothelial cells.

Ca²⁺ signal	Source	Functional effect	References
TRPV4 sparklets	Unitary Ca²⁺ influx signals through TRPV4 channels	Activation of IK/SK channels, EC hyperpolarization, EC-SMC communication via MEGJs, VSMC hyperpolarization, deactivation of VDCCs, vasodilation eNOS activation, vasodilation through NO-GC-PKG signaling	(Hong et al., 2018; Marziano et al., 2017; S. K. Sonkusare et al., 2012; S. K. Sonkusare et al., 2014; Sullivan & Earley, 2013)
TRPA1 sparklets	Ca²⁺ influx signals through TRPA1 channel	Activation of IK/SK channels, endothelium-dependent vasodilation	(Pires & Earley, 2018; Sullivan et al., 2015)
TRPV3 sparklets	Unitary Ca²⁺ influx signals through TRPV3 channels	Activation of IK/SK channels, endothelium-dependent vasodilation	(Earley et al., 2010; Pires et al., 2015)
Ca²⁺ pulsars	Ca²⁺ release from the ER through IP3Rs	Activation of IK/SK channels, endothelium-dependent vasodilation	(Ledoux, Taylor, et al., 2008; Nausch et al., 2012; Toussaint et al., 2015)
Ca²⁺ waves	Propagating Ca²⁺ induced Ca²⁺ release from SR through IP3Rs	Activation of eNOS and IK/SK channels, endothelium-dependent vasodilation	(Kansui et al., 2008; McCarron et al., 2010; Tallini et al., 2007)
Ca²⁺ wavelets	Ca²⁺ release through SR at MEPs through IP3Rs	Negative regulation of α1-adrenergic activation-induced vasoconstriction through myoendothelial feedback	(Tran et al., 2012)