Table 3.
Univariable analysis of factors associated with in-hospital death and pneumonia
| Number of patients dead (n = 88) | Odds ratio (95% CI) | p value | Number of patients with pneumonia (n = 84) | Odds ratio (95% CI) | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | ||||||
| 65–80 | 43 (7.4%) | 59 (10.4%) | ||||
| 81–90 | 35 (14.9%) | 1.4 (0.7–2.7) | 0.37 | 20 (8.6%) | 1.0 (0.6–1.9) | 0.88 |
| ≥ 91 | 10 (14.5%) | 2.3 (13 − 4.5) | 0.008 | 5 (7.5%) | 0.9 (0.5–1.6) | 0.68 |
| Gender | ||||||
| Male | 48 (9.3%) | 64 (12.7%) | ||||
| Female | 40 (10.8) | 1.2 (0.8–1.8) | 0.46 | 20 (5.5%) | 0.4 (0.2–0.7) | < 0.001 |
| History of cardiac disease | ||||||
| No | 53 (7.5%) | 67 (9.6%) | 1.2 (0.7–2.1) | 0.562 | ||
| Yes | 22 (15.3%) | 2.2 (1.3–3.8) | 0.003 | 16 (11.2%) | ||
| Unknown | 13 | 1 | ||||
| History of COPD GOLD 2 or worse/any gradea | ||||||
| No | 69 (8.3%) | 61 (8.1%) | ||||
| Yes | 6 (25%) | 3.7 (1.4–9.6) | 0.007 | 22 (23.7%) | 3.5 (2.0–6.0) | < 0.001 |
| Unknown | 13 | 1 | ||||
| Number of rib fractures | ||||||
| Single | 12 (7.1%) | 7 (4.3%) | ||||
| 2–3 | 19 (5.6%) | 0.8 (0.4–1.6) | 0.49 | 27 (8.0%) | 1.9 (0.8–4.6) | 0.12 |
| ≥ 4 | 31 (13.4%) | 2.0 (1.0–4.0) | 0.051 | 33 (14.0%) | 3.4 (1.5–7.9) | 0.005 |
| Multiple NFS | 26 (18.2%) | 2.9 (1.4–6.0) | 0.004 | 17 (12.8%) | 3.8 (1.5–9.2) | 0.004 |
| Need for CTD | ||||||
| No | 56 (7.6%) | 57 (7.9%) | ||||
| Yes | 29 (20.1%) | 3.1 (1.9–5.0) | < 0.001 | 27 (19.0%) | 2.5 (1.7–4.5) | < 0.001 |
| Thoracic injuries | ||||||
| Minor | 9 (6.7%) | 6 (4.6%) | ||||
| Moderate | 16 (5.2%) | 0.7 (0.3–1.8) | 0.77 | 23 (7.5%) | 1.7 (0.7–4.3) | 0.26 |
| Severe or worse | 63 (14.3%) | 2.3 (1.1–4.8) | 0.02 | 55 (12.7%) | 3.0 (1.3–7.2) | 0.01 |
| Extra-thoracic injuries | ||||||
| None or minor | 25 (5.8%) | 31 (7.3%) | ||||
| Moderate | 16 (7.8%) | 1.4 (0.7–2.6) | 0.36 | 11 (5.5%) | 0.7 (0.4–1.5) | |
| Severe or worse | 47 (18.8%) | 3.7 (2.2–6.3) | < 0.001 | 42 (17.1%) | 2.6 (1.6–4.3) | < 0.001 |
| Head injury | ||||||
| None or minor | 64 (8.3%) | 53 (8.0%) | ||||
| Moderate | 11 (16.9%) | 0.4 (0.1–1.6) | 0.18 | 6 (9.7%) | 1.2 (0.5-3.0) | 0.64 |
| Severe or worse | 13 (28.9%) | 3.4 (2.1–5.5) | < 0.001 | 25 (17.5%) | 2.4 (1.5–4.1) | 0.001 |
| Spinal injury | ||||||
| None or minor | 53 (7.9%) | 64 (8.4%) | ||||
| Moderate | 2 (3.1%) | 2.6 (1.0-6.6) | 0.04 | 12 (18.8%) | 2.5 (1.3–4.9) | 0.008 |
| Severe or worse | 33 (22.6%) | 6.2 (2.0-19.5) | 8 (18.2%) | 2.4 (1.1–2.4) | 0.32 | |
| Abdominal injury | ||||||
| None or minor | 77 (9.1%) | 73 (8.8%) | ||||
| Moderate | 6 (20.7%) | 2.6 (1.0-6.6) | 0.44 | 7 (24.1%) | 3.3 (1.4-8.0) | 0.008 |
| Severe or worse | 5 (38.5%) | 6.2 (1.9–19.5) | 0.002 | 4 (30.8%) | 4.6 (1.4–15.3) | 0.013 |
| Level of admitting hospital | ||||||
| Level 1 | 51 (21.7%) | 38 (16.3%) | ||||
| Level 2 | 25 (5.9%) | 0.2 (0.1–0.4) | < 0.001 | 31 (7.5%) | 0.4 (0.3–0.7) | 0.001 |
| Level 3 | 12 (5.4%) | 0.2 (0.1–0.4) | < 0.001 | 15 (6.8%) | 0.4 (0.2–0.7) | 0.002 |
CTD chest tube drainage, CI confidence interval
aCOPD GOLD 2 or worse for in-hospital death, any grade COPD for pneumonia