Table 2.
Characteristics of Patients Who Received Either PPIs or H2Bs for at Least 3 Days During Their ICU Stay
| Characteristic | Bivariable Analyses |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| H2Bs (n = 20,517) |
PPIs (n = 49,576) |
P Value | |||
| Frequency or Mean | Column % or SD | Frequency or Mean | Column % or SD | ||
| Outcome | |||||
| CIGIB | 63 | 0.3 | 361 | 0.7 | < .001 |
| Sex | |||||
| Male | 11,127 | 54.2 | 26,391 | 53.2 | .007 |
| Age, y | |||||
| 18-60 | 8,505 | 41.5 | 18,648 | 37.6 | < .001 |
| 61-70 | 4,552 | 22.2 | 11,380 | 23 | |
| 71-80 | 4,316 | 21 | 11,130 | 22.5 | |
| ≥ 81 | 3,144 | 15.3 | 8,418 | 17 | |
| Race | |||||
| White | 15,271 | 74.4 | 37,952 | 76.6 | < .001 |
| African American | 1,997 | 9.7 | 5,985 | 12.1 | |
| Hispanic | 586 | 2.9 | 1,461 | 2.9 | |
| Native American | 112 | 0.5 | 405 | 0.8 | |
| Asian | 273 | 1.3 | 591 | 1.2 | |
| Others | 2,278 | 11.1 | 3,182 | 6.4 | |
| ICU type | |||||
| Mixed | 12,165 | 59.3 | 20,933 | 42.2 | < .001 |
| Cardiovascular-surgical | 2,020 | 9.8 | 4,004 | 8.1 | |
| Coronary care | 2,907 | 14.2 | 10,139 | 20.5 | |
| Trauma | 166 | 0.8 | 154 | 0.3 | |
| Surgical | 1,065 | 5.2 | 4,809 | 9.7 | |
| Medical | 1,074 | 5.2 | 5,730 | 11.6 | |
| Neuroscience | 1,120 | 5.5 | 3,807 | 7.7 | |
| Nutrition | |||||
| No feeding | 8,388 | 40.9 | 17,925 | 36.2 | < .001 |
| Enteral nutrition | 11,256 | 54.9 | 27,778 | 56 | |
| Parenteral nutrition | 144 | 0.7 | 578 | 1.2 | |
| Both enteral nutrition and parenteral nutrition | 729 | 3.6 | 3,295 | 6.6 | |
| Cancer | 1,465 | 7.1 | 4,037 | 8.1 | < .001 |
| HIV | 41 | 0.2 | 126 | 0.3 | .154 |
| Cirrhosis | 120 | 0.6 | 697 | 1.4 | < .001 |
| Immunosuppression | 507 | 2.5 | 1,882 | 3.8 | < .001 |
| Intubated in the first day | 11,173 | 54.5 | 25,326 | 51.1 | < .001 |
| Risk factors | |||||
| Coagulopathy | 4,724 | 23 | 13,804 | 27.8 | < .001 |
| Mechanical ventilation > 24 h | 12,686 | 61.8 | 29,668 | 59.8 | < .001 |
| Traumatic brain injury | 1,252 | 6.1 | 2,074 | 4.2 | < .001 |
| Hepatic failure | 78 | 0.4 | 512 | 1 | < .001 |
| Hydrocortisone ≥ 250 md/d or equivalent | 758 | 3.7 | 1,912 | 3.9 | .536 |
| Transplantation | 27 | 0.1 | 129 | 0.3 | < .001 |
| Acute myocardial infarction | 835 | 4.1 | 1,409 | 2.8 | < .001 |
| Sepsis | 4,422 | 21.6 | 13,814 | 27.9 | < .001 |
| Neurologic injuries | 3,823 | 18.6 | 6,672 | 13.5 | < .001 |
| Surgical and multiple trauma | 5,549 | 27 | 10,635 | 21.5 | < .001 |
| Hypotension | 5,060 | 24.7 | 13,689 | 27.6 | < .001 |
| Acute renal failure | 5,031 | 24.5 | 15,308 | 30.9 | < .001 |
| Burns ≥ 30% BSA | 12 | 0.1 | 8 | 0 | .002 |
| ICU LOS > 7 d | 7,270 | 35.4 | 19,337 | 39 | < .001 |
| Medication | |||||
| Sucralfate | 302 | 1.5 | 1,402 | 2.8 | < .001 |
| Antacids | 7,237 | 35.3 | 16,747 | 33.8 | .001 |
| Anticoagulants | 11,500 | 56.1 | 28,014 | 56.5 | .725 |
| Antiplatelets | 12,848 | 62.6 | 30,409 | 61.3 | .003 |
| Thrombolytics | 1,877 | 9.1 | 3,755 | 7.6 | < .001 |
| NSAIDs | 10,805 | 52.7 | 26,024 | 52.5 | .034 |
| Admission source | |||||
| Chest pain center | 82 | 0.4 | 188 | 0.4 | < .001 |
| Direct admission | 1,980 | 9.7 | 4,204 | 8.5 | |
| ED | 10,332 | 50.4 | 25,020 | 50.5 | |
| Floor | 2,580 | 12.6 | 8,662 | 17.5 | |
| Operating room | 3,984 | 19.4 | 7,603 | 15.3 | |
| Other (other hospital or ICU, recovery room, step-down unit) | 1,559 | 7.6 | 3,899 | 7.9 | |
| Year of admission | |||||
| 2008 | 3,065 | 14.9 | 8,226 | 16.6 | < .001 |
| 2009 | 4,258 | 20.8 | 11,120 | 22.4 | |
| 2010 | 5,243 | 25.6 | 12,035 | 24.3 | |
| 2011 | 5,111 | 24.9 | 12,534 | 25.3 | |
| 2012 | 2,840 | 13.8 | 5,661 | 11.4 | |
| Physician specialty | |||||
| Internal medicine | 2,307 | 11.2 | 9,708 | 19.6 | < .001 |
| Pulmonary | 4,025 | 19.6 | 8,170 | 16.5 | |
| Hospitalist | 1,378 | 6.7 | 5,169 | 10.4 | |
| Cardiology | 1,710 | 8.3 | 3,362 | 6.8 | |
| Surgery-general | 1,477 | 7.2 | 3,241 | 6.5 | |
| Critical care medicine | 1,827 | 8.9 | 3,357 | 6.8 | |
| Family practice | 959 | 4.7 | 3,138 | 6.3 | |
| Surgery-cardiac | 1,370 | 6.7 | 2,042 | 4.1 | |
| Others | 5,464 | 26.6 | 11,389 | 23 | |
| Teaching hospital | 9,726 | 47.4 | 11,467 | 23.1 | < .001 |
| APACHE-IV score | 66 | 26.82 | 69 | 26.93 | < .001 |
| Platelet counts | 161 | 78.84 | 154 | 85.57 | < .001 |
APACHE-IV = Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation version IV; BSA = body surface area; NSAIDs = nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. See Table 1 legend for expansion of other abbreviations.