Table 3.
Multivariable-adjusted HRs and 95% CIs of Factors for CIGIB Episodes Among ICU Patients
| Factor | HR | 95% CI |
|---|---|---|
| SUP exposure (3 d) | ||
| H2B | Reference | |
| PPI | 1.97 | 1.48-2.63 |
| Sex | ||
| Female | Reference | |
| Male | 1.27a | 1.04-1.54 |
| Age, y | ||
| 18-60 | Reference | |
| 61-70 | 1.12 | 0.87-1.45 |
| 71-80 | 1.10 | 0.84-1.44 |
| ≥ 81 | 1.16 | 0.85-1.58 |
| Race | ||
| White | Reference | |
| African American | 1.04 | 0.77-1.42 |
| Hispanic | 1.58 | 0.80-3.11 |
| Native American | 0.75 | 0.38-1.45 |
| Asian | 1.05 | 0.38-2.93 |
| Others | 1.08 | 0.74-1.58 |
| ICU type | ||
| Medical | Reference | |
| Cardiovascular-surgical | 0.75 | 0.099-5.59 |
| Coronary care | 0.86 | 0.51-1.44 |
| Trauma | 1.30 | 0.91-1.88 |
| Surgical | 0.96 | 0.58-1.61 |
| Mixed | 1.26 | 0.91-1.76 |
| Neuroscience | 0.90 | 0.50-1.63 |
| Nutrition | ||
| No feeding | Reference | |
| Enteral nutrition | 1.17 | 0.93-1.47 |
| Parenteral nutrition | 1.03 | 0.72-1.48 |
| Cancer | 1.29 | 0.93-1.79 |
| HIV | 1.00 | 0.24-4.26 |
| Cirrhosis | 1.38 | 0.77-2.48 |
| Immunosuppression | 0.85 | 0.51-1.42 |
| Intubated in the first day | 0.80 | 0.62-1.05 |
| Risk factors | ||
| Coagulopathy | 1.19 | 0.95-1.49 |
| Mechanical ventilation > 24 h | 0.79 | 0.61-1.02 |
| Traumatic brain injury | 0.64 | 0.28-1.46 |
| Hepatic failure | 1.26 | 0.71-2.23 |
| Hydrocortisone ≥ 250 mg/d or equivalent | 1.10 | 0.71-1.70 |
| Acute myocardial infarction | 1.37 | 0.74-2.53 |
| Sepsis | 1.03 | 0.81-1.31 |
| Neurologic injuries | 0.95 | 0.68-1.33 |
| Surgical and multiple trauma | 0.46a | 0.25-0.84 |
| Hypotension | 1.20 | 0.94-1.53 |
| Acute renal failure | 1.59b | 1.28-1.97 |
| Medication | ||
| Sucralfate | 3.25b | 2.18-4.85 |
| Antacids | 0.93 | 0.76-1.15 |
| Anticoagulants | 0.84 | 0.64-1.10 |
| Antiplatelets | 1.35a | 1.01-1.79 |
| Thrombolytics | 0.86 | 0.60-1.21 |
| NSAIDs | 0.97 | 0.80-1.19 |
| Admission source | ||
| Direct admission | Reference | |
| Chest pain center | 0.86 | 0.12-6.41 |
| ED | 1.31 | 0.90-1.91 |
| Floor | 1.26 | 0.83-1.91 |
| Operating room | 2.01 | 0.96-4.22 |
| Other (other hospital or ICU, recovery room, step-down unit) | 1.07 | 0.65-1.77 |
| Year of admission | ||
| 2008 | Reference | |
| 2009 | 1.42a | 1.02-1.97 |
| 2010 | 1.48a | 1.07-2.06 |
| 2011 | 1.31 | 0.94-1.83 |
| 2012 | 1.20 | 0.80-1.80 |
| Physician specialty | ||
| Internal medicine | Reference | |
| Pulmonary | 1.16 | 0.85-1.57 |
| Hospitalist | 1.06 | 0.72-1.57 |
| Cardiology | 0.77 | 0.46-1.31 |
| Surgery-general | 0.72 | 0.38-1.36 |
| Critical care medicine | 1.40 | 0.95-2.07 |
| Family practice | 1.28 | 0.83-1.96 |
| Surgery-cardiac | 0.82 | 0.43-1.60 |
| Others | 1.05 | 0.76-1.45 |
| Teaching hospital | 1.16 | 0.92-1.46 |
| Continuous variables | ||
| APACHE-IV | 1.00 | 1.00-1.01 |
| Platelet counts (< 1,000/μL) | 1.00b | 1.00-1.00 |
| Observations (patient-days) | 356,147 |