Table 2.
Trends in Processed Meat, Unprocessed Red Meat, Poultry, and Fish/Shellfish Consumption among US Adults Aged 20+ Years, NHANES 1999–2016 a
| Weighted Mean Intake (95% CI) b, g/wk |
P-Trend | Mean Change from 1999–2000 to 2015–2016 (95% CI) b | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1999–2000 (n=4237) | 2001–2002 (n=4744) | 2003–2004 (n=4448) | 2005–2006 (n=4520) | 2007–2008 (n=5419) | 2009–2010 (n=5762) | 2011–2012 (n=4801) | 2013–2014 (n=5047) | 2015–2016 (n=5017) | |||
| Processed meat | 182 (163, 202) | 187 (176, 197) | 194 (179, 209) | 196 (177, 216) | 190 (177, 203) | 193 (180, 206) | 188 (176, 201) | 189 (175, 203) | 187 (176, 197) | 0.95 | 4.22 (−18.4, 26.8) |
| Luncheon meat | 67.0 (51.9, 82.1) | 80.1 (68.9, 91.4) | 69.5 (60.6, 78.4) | 77.2 (67.8, 86.6) | 70.9 (61.8, 80.0) | 78.2 (72.9, 83.5) | 71.5 (62.0, 81.0) | 80.4 (71.8, 88.9) | 73.3 (65.9, 80.6) | 0.50 | 6.30 (−10.5, 23.1) |
| Sausage | 46.2 (39.6, 52.8) | 41.4 (34.1, 48.7) | 52.2 (47.2, 57.2) | 47.0 (39.8, 54.1) | 46.5 (42.1, 50.9) | 43.3 (39.8, 46.9) | 42.7 (37.9, 47.5) | 42.2 (36.2, 48.3) | 45.5 (39.6, 51.4) | 0.35 | −0.70 (−9.55, 8.14) |
| Hot dog | 26.8 (19.4, 34.3) | 26.1 (20.0, 32.1) | 24.0 (19.8, 28.2) | 21.2 (17.7, 24.7) | 25.6 (20.8, 30.5) | 26.1 (19.5, 32.6) | 20.8 (17.1, 24.5) | 18.1 (14.1, 22.2) | 17.5 (13.5, 21.6) | <0.01 | −9.28 (−17.8, −0.79) |
| Ham | 21.3 (16.5, 26.1) | 18.4 (12.9, 23.9) | 19.0 (14.5, 23.6) | 21.9 (14.7, 29.2) | 22.2 (18.2, 26.1) | 20.6 (15.9, 25.2) | 20.3 (15.8, 24.8) | 16.6 (10.9, 22.3) | 17.5 (11.0, 24.1) | 0.37 | −3.77 (−11.9, 4.36) |
| Bacon | 6.66 (5.44, 7.88) | 6.95 (5.64, 8.27) | 9.03 (6.90, 11.2) | 10.6 (8.8, 12.3) | 9.72 (8.64, 10.8) | 10.1 (8.9, 11.3) | 8.61 (7.42, 9.80) | 9.15 (8.09, 10.2) | 8.60 (7.24, 9.95) | 0.03 | 1.94 (0.11, 3.76) |
| Smoked/ cured/ corned | 6.45 (3.56, 9.34) | 3.50 (1.83, 5.16) | 6.01 (3.87, 8.14) | 5.00 (3.28, 6.71) | 6.13 (3.97, 8.28) | 5.60 (3.53, 7.68) | 6.92 (4.00, 9.84) | 4.95 (2.37, 7.54) | 6.36 (3.89, 8.83) | 0.46 | −0.09 (−3.89, 3.71) |
| Dried/ pickled | 0.67 (0.05, 1.29) | 0.81 (0.09, 1.52) | 1.38 (0.25, 2.50) | 1.71 (0.48, 2.95) | 0.90 (0.39, 1.41) | 0.92 (0.31, 1.54) | 1.00 (0.34, 1.66) | 2.22 (0.02, 4.41) | 1.40 (0.59, 2.22) | 0.21 | 0.73 (−0.29, 1.76) |
| Unspecified | 7.29 (6.15, 8.44) | 9.47 (8.17, 10.8) | 12.8 (10.5, 15.2) | 11.5 (10.0, 13.0) | 8.11 (6.42, 9.79) | 7.88 (6.60, 9.16) | 16.5 (13.8, 19.3) | 15.0 (12.6, 17.4) | 16.4 (14.4, 18.4) | <0.001 | 9.09 (6.77, 11.4) |
| Unprocessed red meat | 340 (314, 367) | 325 (302, 348) | 332 (313, 351) | 330 (313, 348) | 313 (295, 331) | 314 (292, 336) | 306 (280, 333) | 296 (287, 305) | 284 (267, 300) | <0.001 | −56.7 (−88.0, −25.4) |
| Beef | 250 (221, 279) | 245 (220, 270) | 242 (225, 259) | 254 (241, 266) | 230 (213, 247) | 228 (206, 251) | 210 (191, 228) | 196 (187, 205) | 172 (155, 188) | <0.001 | −78.3 (−112, −45.0) |
| Pork | 61.8 (51.7, 71.9) | 53.4 (43.0, 63.8) | 55.9 (49.6, 62.3) | 46.8 (41.0, 52.7) | 49.7 (43.0, 56.4) | 58.8 (51.0, 66.5) | 47.4 (39.5, 55.4) | 53.8 (46.0, 61.7) | 53.8 (44.3, 63.2) | 0.38 | −8.05 (−21.9, 5.81) |
| Other c | 7.65 (4.40, 10.9) | 9.30 (4.13, 14.5) | 12.4 (8.3, 16.6) | 7.45 (3.89, 11.0) | 10.4 (6.4, 14.4) | 9.16 (6.48, 11.8) | 8.18 (4.57, 11.8) | 6.86 (3.79, 9.92) | 8.70 (4.97, 12.4) | 0.47 | 1.06 (−3.89, 6.00) |
| Unspecified | 20.7 (15.7, 25.8) | 17.4 (14.5, 20.4) | 21.4 (18.1, 24.7) | 22.1 (18.7, 25.4) | 22.9 (20.7, 25.1) | 17.7 (14.7, 20.6) | 41.1 (34.0, 48.2) | 39.7 (35.7, 43.8 | 49.4 (42.4, 56.4) | <0.001 | 28.7 (20.1, 37.3) |
| Poultry | 256 (234, 278) | 251 (233, 270) | 270 (245, 294) | 282 (258, 305) | 299 (275, 322) | 299 (272, 325) | 278 (255, 301) | 302 (283, 321) | 303 (276, 330) | <0.001 | 47.0 (12.0, 82.0) |
| Chicken | 195 (176, 215) | 175 (162, 188) | 196 (176, 216) | 204 (183, 225) | 206 (193, 220) | 213 (193, 232) | 198 (179, 217) | 213 (197, 228) | 230 (208, 252) | <0.001 | 34.4 (4.90, 63.9) |
| Turkey | 19.7 (13.6, 25.8) | 15.0 (8.5, 21.5) | 22.4 (13.9, 30.8) | 16.6 (10.9, 22.2) | 22.4 (16.7, 28.0) | 20.0 (14.6, 25.5) | 11.5 (8.0, 14.9) | 20.3 (12.3, 28.3) | 16.4 (10.9, 21.8) | 0.53 | −3.32 (−11.5, 4.83) |
| Other c | 0.87 (−0.41, 2.15) | 2.69 (0.17, 5.20) | 0.45 (−0.06, 0.96) | 0.99 (−0.39, 2.36) | 1.96 (−0.57, 4.50) | 0.37 (0.18, 0.56) | 0.84 (0.27, 1.41) | 0.67 (0.11, 1.22) | 0.69 (0.16, 1.22) | 0.16 | −0.18 (−1.57, 1.20) |
| Unspecified | 40.1 (32.1, 48.1) | 58.7 (44.5, 72.9) | 51.1 (40.2, 62.0) | 60.0 (51.4, 68.5) | 68.2 (59.0, 77.5) | 65.4 (56.2, 74.6) | 67.8 (59.8, 75.8) | 67.8 (60.9, 74.6) | 56.2 (47.5, 65.0) | <0.01 | 16.1 (4.30, 28.0) |
| Fish/shellfish | 115 (99.0, 131) | 107 (91.0, 124) | 114 (97.0, 131) | 124 (106, 142) | 112 (100, 124) | 127 (109, 144) | 127 (107, 147) | 132 (107, 158) | 116 (98, 134) | 0.14 | 1.55 (−22.5, 25.6) |
| Low ω−3 | 82.4 (68.9, 96.0) | 78.4 (66.2, 90.7) | 83.8 (71.0, 96.6) | 94.0 (78.7, 109) | 79.2 (69.4, 88.9) | 93.9 (79.0, 109) | 95.9 (79.3, 113) | 94.3 (69.9, 119) | 82.2 (66.8, 97.6) | 0.29 | −0.19 (−20.7, 20.3) |
| High ω−3 | 32.2 (23.1, 41.3) | 28.6 (20.4, 36.9) | 30.1 (21.6, 38.6) | 30.1 (23.8, 36.5) | 32.9 (28.8, 37.0) | 33.0 (28.6, 37.5) | 31.1 (24.0, 38.2) | 38.1 (32.5, 43.8) | 33.9 (26.3, 41.6) | 0.17 | 1.74 −10.2, 13.6) |
a
NHANES = National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
b
CI = confidence interval. Means, mean changes and 95% CIs were adjusted for survey weights, and for total energy intake to 2000 kcal/d using the residual method.
c
Examples of other red meats include game, lamb, goat, veal, and deer; and examples of poultry include duck, goose, ostrich, quail, and pheasant.