Table 6 online only.
Age, Sex, Race/ethnicity, Education and Income-Adjusted Trends in Processed Meat, Unprocessed Red Meat, Poultry, and Fish/Shellfish Consumption among US Adults Aged 20 Years or Older, NHANES 1999–2016 a
| Weighted Mean Intake (95% CI) b, g/wk |
P-Trend | Mean Change from 1999–2000 to 2015–2016 (95% CI) b | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1999–2000 (n=4237) | 2001–2002 (n=4744) | 2003–2004 (n=4448) | 2005–2006 (n=4520) | 2007–2008 (n=5419) | 2009–2010 (n=5762) | 2011–2012 (n=4801) | 2013–2014 (n=5047) | 2015–2016 (n=5017) | |||
| Processed meat | 155 (136, 175) | 163 (153, 174) | 165 (153, 178) | 172 (154, 191) | 167 (154, 179) | 172 (160, 184) | 168 (155, 182) | 169 (156, 182) | 170 (158, 181) | 0.16 | 15.0 (−8.0, 37.0) |
| Luncheon meat | 52.1 (36.9, 67.2) | 63.7 (52.9, 74.5) | 52.2 (43.7, 60.7) | 60.8 (51.1, 70.4) | 53.9 (45.0, 62.8) | 63.5 (57.2, 69.8) | 56.8 (47.2, 66.4) | 65.1 (57.3, 73.0) | 59.2 (52.1, 66.3) | 0.30 | 7.10 (−9.50, 23.7) |
| Sausage | 39.8 (33.1, 46.5) | 38.1 (30.7, 45.4) | 48.3 (42.5, 54.1) | 44.0 (36.8, 51.1) | 44.0 (39.5, 48.4) | 40.3 (36.7, 43.9) | 40.9 (36.2, 45.6) | 39.8 (33.8, 45.8) | 44.5 (38.2, 50.9) | 0.86 | 4.70 (−4.50, 14.0) |
| Hot dog | 25.6 (17.5, 33.8) | 25.2 (19.4, 31.1) | 22.4 (17.8, 27.0) | 19.7 (15.7, 23.7) | 24.8 (19.7, 29.8) | 25.8 (19.5, 32.1) | 19.4 (15.4, 23.3) | 18.1 (13.7, 22.5) | 16.9 (12.9, 20.9) | 0.01 | −8.70 (−17.9, 0.50) |
| Ham | 17.6 (12.4, 22.9) | 16.7 (11.6, 21.9) | 15.0 (11.7, 18.3) | 20.7 (13.6, 27.7) | 21.2 (16.7, 25.7) | 19.9 (14.8, 24.9) | 19.3 (15.0, 23.7) | 15.7 (10.0, 21.5) | 16.5 (9.8, 23.2) | 0.97 | −1.10 (−10.0, 7.70) |
| Bacon | 6.38 (4.92, 7.85) | 6.65 (5.17, 8.14) | 8.39 (6.57, 10.2) | 10.2 (8.2, 12.3) | 9.43 (8.18, 10.7) | 9.76 (8.26, 11.3) | 8.63 (7.36, 9.90) | 9.01 (7.80, 10.2) | 8.94 (7.52, 10.4) | 0.006 | 2.60 (0.50, 4.60) |
| Smoked/cured/ corned | 7.30 (3.91, 10.7) | 3.76 (1.65, 5.86) | 6.32 (3.93, 8.72) | 5.07 (3.24, 6.90) | 6.03 (3.95, 8.10) | 5.63 (3.17, 8.08) | 6.91 (3.81, 10.0) | 5.05 (2.52, 7.58) | 6.96 (4.10, 9.83) | 0.60 | −0.30 (−4.60, 3.90) |
| Dried/ pickled | 0.22 (−0.62, 1.05) | 0.61 (−0.31, 1.53) | 1.18 (−0.04, 2.39) | 1.37 (−0.02, 2.76) | 0.72 (0.05, 1.39) | 0.76 (−0.01, 1.53) | 0.84 (0.05, 1.64) | 2.08 (0.16, 4.00) | 1.38 (0.46, 2.29) | 0.12 | 1.20 (0.00, 2.30) |
| Unspecified | 6.34 (4.88, 7.80) | 8.61 (7.12, 10.1) | 11.4 (9.0, 13.9) | 10.5 (8.9, 12.0) | 6.87 (5.08, 8.66) | 6.77 (5.51, 8.03) | 15.4 (12.6, 18.2) | 14.2 (11.7, 16.7) | 15.6 (13.4, 17.7) | <0.001 | 9.20 (6.80, 11.7) |
| Unprocessed red meat | 334 (308, 361) | 326 (303, 349) | 331 (311, 352) | 330 (309, 351) | 313 (296, 329) | 317 (293, 341) | 308 (284, 332) | 299 (286, 312) | 290 (272, 307) | <0.001 | −45.0 (−76.0, −13.0) |
| Beef | 242 (213, 271) | 239 (215, 264) | 236 (218, 254) | 248 (232, 263) | 225 (208, 241) | 226 (202, 249) | 208 (189, 226) | 192 (181, 204) | 170 (153, 188) | <0.001 | −72.0 (−105, −39.0) |
| Pork | 67.3 (55.1, 79.5) | 60.9 (49.8, 72.0) | 62.3 (54.6, 70.0) | 53.0 (45.8, 60.2) | 55.5 (47.7, 63.4) | 65.1 (56.2, 73.9) | 52.1 (44.7, 59.5) | 60.1 (52.6, 67.7) | 60.1 (50.0, 70.3) | 0.36 | −7.10 (−22.3, 8.00) |
| Other c | 5.93 (2.35, 9.51) | 8.35 (3.16, 13.6) | 11.7 (7.0, 16.4) | 6.81 (3.31, 10.3) | 8.98 (5.16, 12.8) | 8.44 (5.85, 11.0) | 7.84 (4.03, 11.6) | 6.33 (3.19, 9.47) | 8.60 (4.45, 12.8) | 0.85 | 2.70 (−2.60, 8.00) |
| Unspecified | 18.6 (13.5, 23.8) | 17.5 (13.9, 21.2) | 21.2 (17.2, 25.3) | 22.4 (18.3, 26.4) | 23.3 (20.5, 26.1) | 17.7 (14.2, 21.2) | 40.4 (33.6, 47.3) | 40.3 (36.2, 44.4) | 50.4 (43.5, 57.3) | <0.001 | 32.0 (23.0, 40.0) |
| Poultry | 284 (261, 307) | 274 (255, 292) | 295 (278, 312) | 306 (281, 331) | 322 (303, 342) | 322 (296, 348) | 295 (274, 316) | 318 (301, 335) | 323 (299, 348) | <0.001 | 39.0 (6.0, 72.0) |
| Chicken | 223 (202, 243) | 196 (182, 210) | 218 (202, 235) | 227 (204, 250) | 227 (215, 240) | 235 (215, 254) | 215 (198, 232) | 229 (216, 242) | 249 (230, 268) | 0.002 | 26.0 (−1.0, 54.0) |
| Turkey | 22.4 (15.4, 29.4) | 16.0 (9.9, 22.1) | 24.7 (15.7, 33.7) | 18.6 (12.3, 24.8) | 25.0 (19.1, 30.9) | 22.3 (16.2, 28.4) | 13.2 (9.5, 16.9) | 22.1 (14.0, 30.1) | 17.7 (12.3, 23.2) | 0.47 | −4.70 (−13.3, 3.90) |
| Other c | 0.38 (−0.15, 0.91) | 2.83 (0.39, 5.28) | 0.63 (−0.07, 1.33) | 1.15 (−0.16, 2.46) | 1.32 (0.33, 2.30) | 0.57 (0.01, 1.12) | 0.99 (0.26, 1.73) | 0.78 (−0.09, 1.64) | 0.80 (−0.02, 1.62) | 0.26 | 0.40 (−0.10, 1.00) |
| Unspecified | 38.4 (30.8, 46.1) | 58.7 (45.0, 72.4) | 51.2 (40.9, 61.5) | 59.5 (51.7, 67.3) | 68.7 (59.6, 77.8) | 64.7 (55.6, 73.8) | 66.0 (57.6, 74.4) | 66.1 (58.0, 74.3) | 55.9 (46.8, 65.1) | 0.002 | 18.0 (6.0, 29.0) |
| Fish/shellfish | 143 (126, 160) | 133 (116, 151) | 142 (121, 162) | 149 (129, 169) | 140 (125, 155) | 151 (134, 169) | 148 (127, 168) | 154 (129, 180) | 136 (118, 155) | 0.49 | −6.70 (−30.3, 16.9) |
| Low ω−3 | 106 (91, 121) | 102 (89, 115) | 109 (93, 124) | 118 (100, 135) | 104 (91, 116) | 118 (103, 133) | 116 (99, 133) | 116 (91, 140) | 102 (86, 118) | 0.56 | −3.80 (−23.6, 16.0) |
| High ω−3 | 37.2 (27.7, 46.7) | 31.4 (22.6, 40.2) | 32.9 (23.8, 42.1) | 30.9 (23.6, 38.2) | 36.1 (30.7, 41.4) | 33.6 (28.3, 38.9) | 31.7 (24.8, 38.6) | 38.6 (33.2, 44.1) | 34.3 (26.8, 41.9) | 0.67 | −2.90 (−15.7, 10.0) |
a
NHANES = National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
b
CI = confidence interval. Means, mean changes and 95% CIs were adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, education, income and survey weights, and for total energy intake to 2000 kcal/d using the residual method.
c
Examples of other red meats include game, lamb, goat, veal, and deer; and examples of poultry include duck, goose, ostrich, quail, and pheasant.