Table 4.
Determinants of energy intake and number of steps in 289 women randomized to the intervention group
| Determinants of energy intake | β (95% CI) per 100 kcal Univariable | p | β (95% CI) per 100 kcal Multivariable | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Self-efficacy | n.a. | < 0.01 | n.a. | < 0.01 |
| Extremely unlikely | [ref] | [ref] | [ref] | [ref] |
| Unlikely | − 3.31 (− 7.48 to 0.87) | 0.12 | − 3.14 (− 7.20 to 0.92) | 0.13 |
| Do not know/neutral | − 2.75 (− 6.65 to 1.15) | 0.17 | − 1.87 (− 5.71 to 1.96) | 0.34 |
| Likely | − 2.41 (− 6.31 to 1.50) | 0.23 | − 1.58 (− 5.42 to 2.26) | 0.42 |
| Extremely likely | − 3.75 (− 7.69 to 0.19) | 0.06 | − 2.89 (− 6.76 to 0.98) | 0.14 |
| Age of partner (years) | 0.06 (0.01–0.11) | 0.01 | 0.08 (0.03–0.13) | < 0.01 |
| Determinants of number of steps |
β (95% CI) per 1000 steps Univariable |
p |
β (95% CI) per 1000 steps Multivariable |
p |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stage of change: physical activity | n.a. | 0.04 | n.a. | 0.03 |
| Precontemplation | − 0.18 (− 2.37 to 2.00) | 0.87 | − 0.97 (− 3.13 to 1.20) | 0.38 |
| Contemplation | − 0.35 (− 1.45 to 0.76) | 0.53 | − 0.62 (− 1.68 to 0.44) | 0.25 |
| Preparation | 0.03 (− 1.04 to 1.11) | 0.95 | 0.03 (− 1.02 to 1.08) | 0.95 |
| Action | 1.23 (0.09–2.37) | 0.04 | 0.99 (− 0.11 to 2.09) | 0.08 |
| Maintenance | [ref] | [ref] | [ref] | [ref] |
| Insulin resistance | 0.19 (0.02–0.37) | 0.03 | 0.12 (− 0.04 to 0.28) | 0.15 |
| Metabolic syndrome | 1.05 (0.32–1.78) | < 0.01 | 0.56 (− 0.16 to 1.28) | 0.13 |
Bold value indicates a statistically significant difference with a p-value less than 0.05
Results of uni- and multivariable mixed-effect regressions models on determinants of energy intake and the number of steps. With correction for baseline energy intake or steps and including random intercept. Mixed-effect regression analysis was performed to identify determinants of lifestyle change on the repeated measurements of the continuous outcomes on energy intake and number of steps. All determinants with a p value < 0.05 were entered in the multivariable model. Energy intake estimates and step measurements of women with an ongoing pregnancy were censored from the conception date onwards. The results of the mixed-effect regression models are reported as regression coefficients (β) and the corresponding 95% CI and indicate mean change throughout the intervention period. A negative number indicates a decrease in the intake of kcal/steps; a positive number indicates an increase the intake of kcal/steps. Full univariable mixed-effect regression results are provided in Additional Table S2. Self-efficacy: using the single self-administered question ‘I think I’ll manage to reach my weight goal, when I’m trying to lose weight’ was scored on a five-point Likert scale ranging from ‘extremely unlikely’ to ‘extremely likely’. The stage of change for physical activity was derived from the answer categories ranging from: (1) precontemplation: ‘At the moment I am not physically active on a regular basis and I do not intend to start in the near future’ (2) contemplation: ‘At the moment I am not physically active on a regular basis, but I intend on becoming so in the near future’, (3) preparation: ‘During the past few months I occasionally engaged in exercise or sports’, (4) action: ‘During the last 6 months I engaged in exercise or sports at least 5 days a week for at least 30 min’, and (5) maintenance: ‘During the past year, I engaged in an intense workout at least three times a week’
n.a. not applicable, β regression coefficient, CI confidence interval