Table 2.

G × E interactions in relation to childhood antisocial behavior in males and females

Contrast	Males			Females
	N	IRR (95% CI)	P	N	IRR (95% CI)	P
Smoking during pregnancy	2547	1.43 (1.22–1.68)	< 0.0001*	2394	1.78 (1.51–2.09)	< 0.0001*
Maltreatment	1431	1.97 (1.65–2.35)	< 0.0001*	1298	1.99 (1.66–2.40)	< 0.0001*
MAOA-L (males)/HL (females)	2235	1.01 (0.87–1.17)	0.91	2090	1.03 (0.81–1.31)	0.80
MAOA-HH (females)					1.08 (0.85–1.37)	0.54
rs4714329 GG	2547	0.95 (0.79–1.15)	0.63
rs9471290 AA	2547	1.16 (0.96–1.41)	0.13
rs2764450 TC				2383	1.07 (0.86–1.33)	0.56
rs11215217 TC				2370	0.97 (0.80–1.18)	0.76
MAOA-L (males)/HL (females) × smoking during pregnancy	2235	1.00 (0.70–1.43)	0.99	2089	1.15 (0.63–2.10)	0.64
MAOA-HH (females) × smoking during pregnancy					1.23 (0.68–2.25)	0.49
MAOA-L (males)/HL (females) × maltreatment	1266	1.35 (0.90–2.03)	0.15	1135	3.27 (1.74–6.14)	0.0002*
MAOA-HH (females) × maltreatment					2.09 (1.11–3.93)	0.0227
rs4714329 GG × smoking during pregnancy	2547	1.95 (1.29–2.94)	0.0015*
rs4714329 GG × maltreatment	1431	0.76 (0.47–1.25)	0.28
rs9471290 AA × smoking during pregnancy	2547	2.18 (1.47–3.24)	0.0001*
rs9471290 AA × maltreatment	1431	1.28 (0.71–2.31)	0.42
rs2764450 TC × smoking during pregnancy				2382	1.22 (0.75–1.97)	0.43
rs2764450 TC × maltreatment				1291	1.61 (0.89–2.91)	0.11
rs11215217 TC × smoking during pregnancy				2369	0.69 (0.40–1.19)	0.18
rs11215217 TC × maltreatment				1285	0.47 (0.29–0.75)	0.0018*

All analyses were adjusted for socioeconomic status, single-parent status, and the first ten genetic principal components, including covariate interaction terms for the G × E models

Significance values are in bold (P < 0.05)

G × E gene-by-environment interaction, IRR incidence rate ratio, MAOA monoamine oxidase A, MAOA-L/H MAOA low-/high-activity allele

*Significant (i.e., corrected for multiple hypotheses) at α = 0.0031