Table 2.

Factors influencing patients’ adherence to insulin injection

Barrier	Gender		Place of residence		Level of education				Marital status
Female	Male	Urban	Rural	University	Diploma	Primary school	Illiterate	Single	Married
Fear of needles	102.7	113.03	107.3	109.1	117.3	113.21	106.69	104.95	95.2	109.15
p=0.18		p=0.89		p=0.56				p=0.24
Injection site pain	96.89	119.8	106.6	115.5	129.4	122.3	108.02	95.3	102.1	108.2
p=0.002*		p=0.484		p=0.100				p=0.485
Additional costs	101.3	114.7	105.5	125.5	104.7	118	114.1	88.8	111.8	106.9
p=0.086		p=0.127		p=0.042*				p=0.707
Dependence on others due to insulin use	102.2	113.7	107.8	104.6	126.1	110.8	114.4	84.3	116.3	106.3
p=0.148		p=0.891		p=0.007*				p=0.429
Hurt family members because of needle use	100.2	116	110.3	82.5	128	129.4	104.5	101.9	102.4	108.2
p=0.023*		p=0.016*		p=0.080				p=0.611
Sudden death	100.2	116	109.3	91.2	139.9	130.3	103.1	101.7	101.2	108.3
p=0.042*		p=0.163		p=0.027*				p=0.554
Difficult to inject	94.4	112.7	111.1	74.07	132.7	126.3	106	97.9	102.2	108.2
p<0.001*		p=0.006*		p=0.151				p=0.662
Fear of complications	98	118.5	110	83.7	127.4	125.1	104.6	103.1	86.4	110.3
p=0.017*		p=0.048*		p=0.279				p=0.053
Being alone	98.8	117.6	93.8	109	143.3	118.8	106.7	95.7	109	107.3
p=0.013*		p=0.230		p=0.023*				p=0.881
Aging and disability	97.1	119.6	108.2	100.9	130.5	120.6	109.4	92.2	102.9	108.1
p=0.004*		p=0.572		p=0.062				p=0.663

Note: *Significant difference p<0.05.