Table 2.
Baseline factors associated with improvements in physical activities
| Baseline factor | Univariable analysis | Multivariable analysis | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Category | Estimate | 95% CI | p-value | Estimate | 95% CI | p-value | |||
| Lower | Upper | Lower | Upper | ||||||
| A. 1.0–1.5 MET activity | |||||||||
| Age, years | <65 | 0.00 | - | - | 0.299 | 0.00 | - | - | 0.400 |
| ≥65, <75 | –11.57 | –38.08 | 14.94 | –10.69 | –39.29 | 17.92 | |||
| ≥75 | –21.41 | –49.85 | 7.04 | –20.80 | –53.14 | 11.53 | |||
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | <18.5 | 0.0010 | - | - | 0.122 | 0.00 | - | - | 0.051 |
| ≥18.5, <25.0 | –6.26 | –26.42 | 13.90 | 0.25 | –22.08 | 22.57 | |||
| ≥25.0 | –27.34 | –54.55 | –0.14 | –29.99 | –59.84 | –0.15 | |||
| IC (L) | Continuous | –7.43 | –23.24 | 8.370 | 0.353 | - | - | - | - |
| FEV1 (L) | Continuous | –9.95 | –29.18 | 9.28 | 0.307 | 1.08 | –21.20 | 23.35 | 0.924 |
| FVC (L) | Continuous | –10.66 | –21.89 | 0.56 | 0.063 | - | - | - | - |
| GOLD grade | II | –0.40 | –17.12 | 16.33 | 0.963 | - | - | - | - |
| III/IV | 0.00 | - | - | - | - | - | - | ||
| mMRC dyspnea score | 1 | –1.25 | –18.57 | 16.06 | 0.886 | 8.03 | –10.71 | 26.77 | 0.397 |
| ≥2 | 0.00 | - | - | 0.00 | - | - | |||
| SGRQ total | Continuous | 0.56 | 0.00 | 1.12 | 0.050 | - | - | - | - |
| SGRQ activity | Continuous | 0.52 | 0.04 | 0.99 | 0.034 | 0.65 | 0.04 | 1.26 | 0.037 |
| SGRQ impact | Continuous | 0.50 | –0.02 | 1.03 | 0.061 | - | - | - | - |
| SGRQ symptom | Continuous | 0.14 | –0.28 | 0.56 | 0.511 | - | - | - | - |
| Duration of 1.0–1.5 METs | Continuous | 0.02 | –0.07 | 0.11 | 0.670 | –0.01 | –0.20 | 0.19 | 0.941 |
| Duration of ≥2.0 METs | Continuous | –0.02 | –0.14 | 0.11 | 0.782 | –0.07 | –0.43 | 0.28 | 0.682 |
| Duration of ≥3.0 METs | Continuous | –0.04 | –0.37 | 0.30 | 0.828 | 0.23 | –0.42 | 0.89 | 0.486 |
| B. ≥2.0 MET activity | |||||||||
| Age, years | <65 | 0.00 | - | - | 0.372 | 0.00 | - | - | 0.404 |
| ≥65, <75 | 7.91 | –9.58 | 25.39 | 6.91 | –11.96 | 25.79 | |||
| ≥75 | 13.10 | –5.67 | 31.87 | 13.61 | –7.72 | 34.94 | |||
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | <18.5 | 0.00 | - | - | 0.279 | 0.00 | - | - | 0.131 |
| ≥18.5, <25.0 | 0.33 | –13.05 | 13.70 | –6.76 | –21.49 | 7.97 | |||
| ≥25.0 | 12.50 | –5.55 | 30.54 | 9.33 | –10.36 | 29.03 | |||
| IC (L) | Continuous | 7.19 | –3.16 | 17.55 | 0.172 | - | - | - | - |
| FEV1 (L) | Continuous | 12.59 | 0.10 | 25.09 | 0.048 | 8.08 | –6.62 | 22.78 | 0.278 |
| FVC (L) | Continuous | 9.49 | 2.19 | 16.78 | 0.011 | - | - | - | - |
| GOLD grade | II | 5.57 | –5.39 | 16.53 | 0.316 | - | - | - | - |
| III/IV | 0.00 | - | - | - | - | - | - | ||
| mMRC dyspnea score | 1 | 4.96 | –6.40 | 16.32 | 0.389 | –0.05 | –12.42 | 12.31 | 0.993 |
| ≥2 | 0.00 | - | - | 0.00 | - | - | |||
| SGRQ total | Continuous | –0.42 | –0.78 | –0.05 | 0.026 | - | - | - | - |
| SGRQ activity | Continuous | –0.36 | –0.67 | –0.05 | 0.024 | –0.33 | –0.73 | 0.08 | 0.112 |
| SGRQ impact | Continuous | –0.37 | –0.72 | –0.03 | 0.034 | - | - | - | - |
| SGRQ symptom | Continuous | –0.15 | –0.43 | 0.13 | 0.291 | –0.03 | –0.16 | 0.09 | 0.606 |
| Duration of 1.0–1.5 METs | Continuous | –0.01 | –0.07 | 0.05 | 0.727 | - | - | - | - |
| Duration of ≥2.0 METs | Continuous | 0.00 | –0.08 | 0.08 | 0.977 | –0.04 | –0.27 | 0.20 | 0.756 |
| Duration of ≥3.0 METs | Continuous | 0.02 | –0.20 | 0.24 | 0.890 | –0.09 | –0.52 | 0.34 | 0.679 |
| C. ≥3.0 MET activity | |||||||||
| Age, years | <65 | 0.00 | - | - | 0.869 | 0.00 | - | - | 0.569 |
| ≥65, <75 | 0.98 | –5.23 | 7.18 | –0.07 | –6.41 | 6.27 | |||
| ≥75 | 1.72 | –4.94 | 8.38 | 2.25 | –4.92 | 9.41 | |||
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | <18.5 | 0.00 | - | - | 0.060 | 0.00 | - | - | 0.011 |
| ≥18.5, <25.0 | –3.34 | –7.99 | 1.30 | –5.34 | –10.29 | –0.39 | |||
| ≥25.0 | 2.65 | –3.61 | 8.92 | 1.80 | –4.82 | 8.41 | |||
| IC (L) | Continuous | 2.99 | –0.64 | 6.63 | 0.106 | - | - | - | - |
| FEV1 (L) | Continuous | 6.48 | 2.17 | 10.79 | 0.004 | 5.06 | 0.12 | 10.00 | 0.045 |
| FVC (L) | Continuous | 3.75 | 1.20 | 6.30 | 0.004 | - | - | - | - |
| GOLD grade | II | 3.48 | –0.35 | 7.30 | 0.074 | - | - | - | - |
| III/IV | 0.00 | - | - | - | - | - | - | ||
| mMRC dyspnea score | 1 | 1.13 | –2.88 | 5.14 | 0.578 | –1.26 | –5.41 | 2.90 | 0.550 |
| ≥2 | 0.00 | - | - | 0.00 | - | - | |||
| SGRQ total | Continuous | –0.13 | –0.26 | 0.00 | 0.053 | - | - | - | - |
| SGRQ activity | Continuous | –0.15 | –0.26 | –0.04 | 0.007 | –0.14 | –0.28 | –0.01 | 0.039 |
| SGRQ impact | Continuous | –0.09 | –0.22 | 0.03 | 0.134 | - | - | - | - |
| SGRQ symptom | Continuous | –0.03 | –0.13 | 0.07 | 0.537 | 0.02 | –0.02 | 0.06 | 0.346 |
| Duration of 1.0–1.5 METs | Continuous | –0.00 | –0.02 | 0.02 | 0.919 | - | - | - | - |
| Duration of ≥2.0 METs | Continuous | 0.01 | –0.02 | 0.04 | 0.498 | 0.02 | –0.06 | 0.10 | 0.623 |
| Duration of ≥3.0 METs | Continuous | 0.05 | –0.03 | 0.12 | 0.252 | 0.00 | –0.14 | 0.15 | 0.998 |
Abbreviations: IC, inspiratory capacity; METs, metabolic equivalents; SGRQ, St George’s Respiratory Questionnaire.