Table 3.
The association between the demographic data, some USAID indicators of enacted stigma and the scale/subscales of Berger’s HIV Stigma.
| Variables | Personalized stigma | Disclosure concerns | Negative self-image | Public attitudes | Overall stigma |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean age ± SD | |||||
| <40 years (166) | 39.76 ± 8.88 | 27.96 ± 3.83 | 31.40 ± 6.03 | 48.39 ± 8.41 | 97.08 ± 15.36 |
| >40 years (220) | 38.58 ± 9.99 | 27.24 ± 4.24 | 30.89 ± 5.69 | 46.87 ± 9.41 | 94.71 ± 16.49 |
| p-value | 0.228 | 0.086 | 0.384 | 0.103 | 0.152 |
| Gender | |||||
| Male (64) | 37.11 ± 9.79 | 27.38 ± 4.68 | 30.30 ± 6.37 | 45.66 ± 9.80 | 92.25 ± 17.73 |
| Female (322) | 39.47 ± 9.45 | 27.58 ± 3.95 | 31.27 ± 5.72 | 47.89 ± 8.82 | 96.43 ± 15.63 |
| p-value | 0.069 | 0.713 | 0.222 | 0.070 | 0.057 |
| Marital status | |||||
| Married (253) | 38.72 ± 9.58 | 27.46 ± 4.10 | 30.94 ± 5.81 | 47.43 ± 9.17 | 95.35 ± 16.10 |
| Not married (133) | 39.77 ± 9.45 | 27.71 ± 4.06 | 31.44 ± 5.89 | 47.69 ± 8.74 | 96.47 ± 15.96 |
| p-value | 0.304 | 0.577 | 0.418 | 0.791 | 0.517 |
| Highest Education | |||||
| <Secondary (244) | 38.96 ± 9.12 | 27.36 ± 4.00 | 31.83 ± 5.81 | 47.64 ± 8.63 | 96.13 ± 15.77 |
| Tertiary (142) | 39.30 ± 10.22 | 27.86 ± 4.21 | 29.87 ± 5.70 | 47.32 ± 9.68 | 95.06 ± 16.53 |
| p-value | 0.741 | 0.241 | 0.001 | 0.732 | 0.526 |
| Felt abandoned by spouse | |||||
| Yes (39) | 47.15 ± 10.29 | 28.62 ± 4.40 | 34.21 ± 5.81 | 53.10 ± 8.58 | 106.61 ± 15.99 |
| No (347) | 38.18 ± 9.02 | 27.43 ± 4.03 | 30.76 ± 5.74 | 46.90 ± 8.86 | 94.51 ± 15.60 |
| p-value | <0.001 | 0.085 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Felt isolated by other household members | |||||
| Yes (28) | 47.36 ± 11.20 | 28.64 ± 4.46 | 34.89 ± 6.18 | 53.92 ± 10.15 | 107.54 ± 17.94 |
| No (358) | 38.43 ± 9.10 | 27.46 ± 4.04 | 30.81 ± 5.71 | 47.02 ± 8.74 | 94.81 ± 15.53 |
| p-value | <0.001 | 0.140 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Felt excluded from social activities | |||||
| Yes (33) | 45.30 ± 10.66 | 27.88 ± 3.37 | 33.42 ± 5.73 | 52.39 ± 9.37 | 104.48 ± 15.61 |
| No (353) | 38.50 ± 9.23 | 27.52 ± 4.14 | 30.90 ± 5.81 | 47.07 ± 8.86 | 94.92 ± 15.85 |
| p-value | <0.001 | 0.626 | 0.017 | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Felt limited career progression | |||||
| Yes (15) | 40.47 ± 9.29 | 25.27 ± 4.82 | 29.40 ± 5.40 | 47.13 ± 9.33 | 93.07 ± 17.10 |
| No (371) | 39.03 ± 9.55 | 27.64 ± 4.03 | 31.18 ± 5.85 | 47.54 ± 9.02 | 95.84 ± 16.01 |
| p-value | 0.568 | 0.027 | 0.247 | 0.865 | 0.512 |
USAID: United States Agency International Development; SD: standard deviation.