TABLE 1.
Paraquat-degrading strains isolated from various sites and their degradation potential.
| Strains | Source | Comments | References |
| Pseudomonas putida | Businesses | 47.3% of paraquat (69.76 mg/L) was degraded within 3 days in the presence of 25% nutrient About 95% degradation of paraquat (69.76 mg/L) within 3 days in the presence of 15 g/L activated charcoal | Zauscher et al., 2002 |
| Oscillospira sp. BCK-1 | Paraquat-contaminated soil, China | 79.4% degradation of paraquat was achieved after 3 days | Han et al., 2014 |
| Clostridium prazmowski BCK-2 | Paraquat-contaminated soil, China | 80.3% degradation of paraquat was achieved after 3 days | Han et al., 2014 |
| Sporohalobacter orenetal BCK-3 | Paraquat-contaminated soil, China | 86.2% degradation of paraquat was achieved after 3 days | Han et al., 2014 |
| Corynebacterium fascians Dows | No data | After 4 weeks training grew in dextrose broth containing 10 000 ppm bipyridylium ion | Tu and Bollen, 2006 |
| Aerobacter aerogenes | Soil | Utilize paraquat (10 ppm) as sole carbon and nitrogen source Lag periods of 1–5 days | Tu and Bollen, 2006 |
| Agrobacterium tumefaciens | Soil | Utilize paraquat (10 ppm) as sole carbon and nitrogen source Lag periods of 1–5 days | Tu and Bollen, 2006 |
| Pseudomonas fluorescens | Soil | Utilize paraquat (10 ppm) as sole carbon and nitrogen source Lag periods of 1–5 days | Tu and Bollen, 2006 |
| Bacillus cereus | Soil | Utilize paraquat (10 ppm) as sole carbon and nitrogen source Utilize paraquat as nitrogen source, grew faster than other strains Lag periods of 1–5 days | Tu and Bollen, 2006 |
| Enterobacter cloacae PQ02 | Paraquat-applied paddy soil, China | About 95% degradation of paraquat (50 mg/L) within 7 days in the presence of extra electron donor such as anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonic acid (AQDS) and sucrose | Wu et al., 2013 |
| Micrococcus sp. S2 | Soil, Indonesia | About 20% of paraquat (40 mg/L) was degraded within 48 h | Margino et al., 2007 |
| Mixed bacteria (10% Roseateles terrae + 25-50% Bacillus sp. + 15–35% Escherichia coli + 20–50% Pseudomonas fluorescens) | Institutes | 97% of initial dose (100 mg/L) was degraded after 7 days | Li et al., 2017 |
| Trametes pavonia ECS-67 | Soil, Mexico | 54.2% of paraquat (100 mg/L) was degraded within 12 days Initial biomass concentration of 1 g/L | Camachomorales et al., 2017b |
| Trametes versicolor ECS-79 | Soil, Mexico | 54.1% of paraquat (100 mg/L) was degraded within 12 days Initial biomass concentration of 1 g/L | Camachomorales et al., 2017b |
| Hypholoma dispersum ECS-705 | Soil, Mexico | 1. 70.7% of paraquat (100 mg/L) was degraded within 12 days 2. Initial biomass concentration of 1 g/L | Camachomorales et al., 2017b |
| Polyporus tricholoma ECS-58 | Soil, Mexico | 32% of initial dose (47 mg/L) was removed within 12 days | Camachomorales et al., 2017a |
| Cylindrobasidium laeve ECS-91 | Soil, Mexico | 26% of initial dose (25 mg/L) was removed within 12 days | Camachomorales et al., 2017a |
| Deconica citrispora ECS-77 | Soil, Mexico | 47% of initial dose (25 mg/L) was removed within 12 days | Camachomorales et al., 2017a |