Table 2.
Characteristics of LOS infants and matched controls in the period preceding LOS diagnosis (T0)
| LOS (n= 194) | Non-LOS (n = 194) | Univariate analysis1 | p value | Multivariate analysis1 | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Median gestational age (IQR), weeks+days | 27+1 (25+5–28+5) | 27+1 (25+5–28+5) | 1.000 (0.984–1.017) | 0.980 | ||
| Mean birth weight (±SD), g | 965.85±280.21 | 966.64±273.71 | 1.000 (0.999–1.001) | 0.978 | ||
| Gender, male, n (%) | 106 (54.9) | 97 (50.3) | 1.206 (0.808–1.799) | 0.359 | ||
| Vaginal delivery, n (%) | 89 (46.1) | 99 (51.3) | 1.078 (0.722–1.609) | 0.715 | ||
| Multiple births, n (%) | 74 (38.3) | 65 (33.7) | 1.208 (0.796–1.833) | 0.375 | ||
| PPROM, n (%) | 46 (23.8) | 47 (24.4) | 0.999 (0.626–1.595) | 0.998 | ||
| Meconium amniotic fluid, n (%) | 4 (2.1) | 4 (2.1) | 1.011 (0.249–4.106) | 0.988 | ||
| Median 1-min Apgar score (IQR) | 5 (3–7) | 6 (3–7) | 0.991 (0.909–1.081) | 0.839 | ||
| Median 5-min Apgar score (IQR) | 7 (6–8) | 7 (6–8) | 0.982 (0.872–1.105) | 0.759 | ||
| PDA, n (%) | 76 (39.4) | 62 (32.1) | 1.430 (0.617–3.315) | 0.404 | ||
| PDA treatment type, n (%) | ||||||
| Ibuprofen | 70 (36.3) | 59 (30.6) | Reference | 0.840 | ||
| Indomethacin | 4 (5.4) | 2 (3.2) | 1.686 (0.298–9.531) | 0.555 | ||
| Surgical | 0 | 1 (1.6) | NA | 1.000 | ||
| Central line exposure, n (%) | 149 (77.2) | 161 (83.4) | 0.673 (0.405–1.117) | 0.126 | ||
| Median central line time (IQR), days | 8 (6–10) | 7 (5–10) | 1.028 (0.963–1.097) | 0.403 | ||
| Central line exposure 48 h prior T0, n (%) | 111 (57.5) | 118 (61.1) | 0.860 (0.573–1.292) | 0.468 | ||
| Peripheral line exposure, n (%) | 186 (96.4) | 187 (96.9) | 0.853 (0.281–2.585) | 0.778 | ||
| Median peripheral line time (IQR), days | 7 (4–10) | 7 (4–9) | 1.006 (0.961–1.054) | 0.790 | ||
| Peripheral line exposure 48 h prior T0, n (%) | 154 (79.8) | 141 (73.1) | 1.456 (0.907–2.339) | 0.120 | 1.693 (0.943–3.043) | 0.078 |
| Median RBC transfusion time (IQR), days | 2 (1–2) | 2 (1–2) | 1.097 (0.871–1.382) | 0.432 | ||
| Invasive ventilation exposure, n (%) | 103 (53.4) | 107 (55.4) | 0.920 (0.616–1.373) | 0.683 | ||
| Median invasive ventilation time (IQR), days | 4 (2–9) | 5 (2–9) | 1.000 (0.947–1.056) | 0.996 | ||
| Noninvasive ventilation exposure, n (%) | 175 (90.7) | 166 (86.0) | 1.581 (0.840–2.978) | 0.156 | ||
| Median noninvasive ventilation time (IQR), days | 7 (4–9) | 6 (4–10) | 0.996 (0.955–1.040) | 0.870 | ||
| Enteral feeding type, n (%) | ||||||
| Breast milk | 80 (41.5) | 77 (39.9) | Reference | 0.716 | ||
| Formula milk | 49 (25.4) | 41 (21.2) | 1.150 (0.684–1.934) | 0.597 | ||
| Combination | 56 (29.0) | 59 (30.6) | 0.914 (0.565–1.478) | 0.713 | ||
| Achieved full enteral feeding, n (%) | 27 (14) | 36 (18.7) | 0.854 (0.482–1.511) | 0.587 | ||
| Median total of parental feeding time (IQR), days | 9 (7–11) | 8 (6–10) | 1.095 (1.018–1.177) | 0.014* | 1.125 (1.041–1.216) | 0.003* |
| Total time from birth (days), n (%) | ||||||
| 0–5 | 20 (10.4) | 34 (17.6) | Reference | 0.090 | ||
| 5–10 | 53 (27.5) | 68 (35.2) | 1.325 (0.686–2.561) | 0.402 | ||
| >10 | 55 (28.5) | 46 (23.8) | 2.033 (1.033–4.000) | 0.040* | ||
| Medication, n (%) | ||||||
| Inotropes | 11 (5.7) | 19 (9.8) | 0.341 (0.116–1.001) | 0.050 | ||
| Antimycotics | 9 (4.7) | 11 (5.7) | 0.491 (0.158–1.527) | 0.219 | ||
| Postpartum antibiotic administration (days), n (%) | ||||||
| None | 27 (14.0) | 28 (14.5) | Reference | 0.872 | ||
| 1–3 | 111 (57.5) | 106 (54.9) | 1.086 (0.601–1.963) | 0.785 | ||
| >3 | 55 (28.5) | 59 (30.6) | 0.967 (0.508–1.840) | 0.918 | ||
| Antibiotic exposure (yes), n (%) | 176 (91.2) | 184 (95.3) | 0.506 (0.220–1.166) | 0.110 | ||
| Median antibiotic time (IQR), days | 4 (3–6) | 3 (2–6) | 1.027 (0.956–1.103) | 0.469 | ||
| Antibiotic exposure per group, n (%) | ||||||
| Aminoglycoside | 150 (77.7) | 152 (78.8) | 1.177 (0.667–2.076) | 0.575 | ||
| Carbapenem | 2 (1.0) | 6 (3.1) | 0.339 (0.068–1.703) | 0.189 | 0.257 (0.048–1.386) | 0.114 |
| Cephalosporin | 32 (16.6) | 52 (26.9) | 0.560 (0.340–0.923) | 0.023* | 0.562 (0.320–0.987) | 0.045* |
| Glycopeptide | 21 (10.9) | 26 (13.5) | 0.818 (0.442–1.515) | 0.523 | ||
| Macrolides | 2 (1.0) | 4 (2.1) | 0.514 (0.093–2.844) | 0.446 | ||
| Oxazolidinones | 0 | 0 | NA | NA | ||
| Penicillin (-clavulanic acid) | 170 (88.1) | 177 (91.7) | 0.960 (0.304–3.036) | 0.945 | ||
| Quinolones | 0 | 0 | NA | NA | ||
| Rifampicin | 0 | 0 | NA | NA | ||
| Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole | 1 (0.5) | 0 | NA | NA | ||
| Mortality, n (%) | 13 (6.7) | 3 (1.6) | 4.574 (1.282–16.317) | 0.019* | ||
| Median age at death (IQR), days | 17 (10–21) | 13 (10–13) | 1.097 (0.869–1.383) | 0.437 | ||
| Discharge before 28 days, n (%) | 50 (25.9) | 54 (28.0) | 0.900 (0.574–1.411) | 0.646 | ||
| Median age at discharge (IQR), days | 18 (13–21) | 18 (12–21) | 0.996 (0.928–1.068) | 0.905 | ||
LOS, late-onset sepsis; NA, not applicable;T0, clinical onset of sepsis; PPROM, preterm premature rupture of membranes; PDA, patent ductus arteriosus; RBC, red blood cells.
1
Values are presented as OR (95% CI).
*
Statistically significant difference.