Table 3.
Characteristics of LOS infants caused by gram-negative bacteria and matched controls in the period preceding LOS diagnosis (T0)
| Characteristic | LOS (n = 39) | Non LOS (n = 39) | Univariate analysis1 | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Median gestational age (IQR), weeks+days | 26+2 (25+2–28+1) | 6+2 (25+2-28+1) | 1.000 (0.964–1.038) | 0.992 | |
| Median birth weight (IQR), g | 930.0 (740.0–1170.0) | 865 (760.0–1135.0) | 1.000 (0.998–1.001) | 0.985 | |
| Male gender, n (%) | 19 (48.7) | 22 (56.4) | 0.734 (0.301–1.790) | 0.497 | |
| Vaginal delivery, n (%) | 24 (61.5) | 25 (64.1) | 1.116 (0.445–2.797) | 0.815 | |
| Multiple births, n (%) | 13 (33.3) | 16 (41.0) | 0.719 (0.286–1.807) | 0.483 | |
| PPROM, n (%) | 7 (17.9) | 11 (28.2) | 0.557 (0.190–1.631) | 0.286 | |
| Meconium amniotic fluid, n (%) | 1 (2.6) | 1 (2.6) | 1.000 (0.060–16.594) | 1.000 | |
| Median 1-min Apgar score (IQR) | 5 (3–6) | 6 (4–7) | 0.885 (0.721–1.086) | 0.242 | |
| Median 5-min Apgar score (IQR) | 7 (6–8) | 7 (6–8) | 0.901 (0.668–1.217) | 0.497 | |
| PDA, n (%) | 18 (46.2) | 14 (35.9) | 0.643 (0.053–7.832) | 0.729 | |
| PDA treatment type, n (%) | |||||
| Ibuprofen | 15 (38.5) | 13 (33.3) | NA | NA | |
| Indomethacin | 0 | 0 | NA | NA | |
| Surgical | 2 (5.1) | 1 (2.6) | NA | NA | |
| Central line exposure, n (%) | 36 (92.3) | 34 (87.2) | 1.765 (0.391–7.958) | 0.460 | |
| Median central line time (IQR), days | 8 (5–12) | 8 (5–11) | 1.006 (0.899–1.125) | 0.923 | |
| Central line exposure 48h prior T0, n (%) | 27 (69.2) | 23 (59.0) | 1.565 (0.616–3.977) | 0.346 | |
| Peripheral line exposure, n (%) | 36 (92.3) | 38 (97.4) | 0.316 (0.031–3.177) | 0.328 | |
| Median peripheral line time (IQR), days | 8 (5–10) | 8 (4–10) | 1.029 (0.923–1.148) | 0.607 | |
| Peripheral line exposure 48h prior T0, n (%) | 32 (82.1) | 31 (79.5) | 1.180 (0.382–3.646) | 0.774 | |
| Median RBC transfusions (IQR), n | 2 (1–2) | 2 (1–3) | 1.094 (0.728–1.646) | 0.665 | |
| Invasive ventilation exposure, n (%) | 23 (59.0) | 19 (48.7) | 1.513 (0.618–3.704) | 0.364 | |
| Median invasive ventilation time (IQR), days | 6 (2–12) | 11 (5–13) | 0.925 (0.815–1.050) | 0.228 | |
| Noninvasive ventilation exposure, n (%) | 34 (87.2) | 31 (79.5) | 1.755 (0.519–5.937) | 0.366 | |
| Median noninvasive ventilation time (IQR), days | 8 (5–10) | 8 (5–11) | 0.962 (0.867–1.068) | 0.471 | |
| Enteral feeding type, n (%) | |||||
| Breast milk | 20 (51.3) | 22 (56.4) | Reference | 0.179 | |
| Formula milk | 3 (7.7) | 8 (20.5) | 0.413 (0.096–1.774) | 0.234 | |
| Combination | 12 (30.8) | 7 (17.9) | 1.886 (0.620–5.731) | 0.263 | |
| Achieved full enteral feeding, n (%) | 5 (12.8) | 8 (21.1) | 0.595 (0.166–2.218) | 0.595 | |
| Median total parental feeding time (IQR), days | 9 (7–13) | 9 (7–11) | 1.079 (0.940–1.240) | 0.280 | |
| Total time from birth (days), n (%) | |||||
| 0–5 | 6 (15.4) | 4 (10.3) | Reference | 0.575 | |
| 5–10 | 13 (33.3) | 17 (43.6) | 0.510 (0.119–2.188) | 0.365 | |
| >10 | 12 (30.8) | 10 (25.6) | 0.800 (0.175–3.651) | 0.773 | |
| Medication, n (%) | |||||
| Inotropes | 5 (12.8) | 3 (7.7) | 1.000 (0.132–7.570) | 1.000 | |
| Antimycotics | 1 (2.6) | 3 (7.7) | 0.167 (0.012–2.368) | 0.186 | |
| Postpartum antibiotic administration time (days), n (%) | |||||
| None | 4 (10.3) | 2 (5.1) | Reference | 0.388 | |
| 1–3 | 26 (66.7) | 23 (59.0) | 0.565 (0.095–3.378) | 0.532 | |
| >3 | 9 (23.1) | 14 (35.9) | 0.321 (0.048–2.133) | 0.240 | |
| Antibiotic exposure (yes), n (%) | 36 (92.3) | 39 (100) | NA | 0.999 | |
| Median antibiotics time (IQR), days | 3 (3–8) | 3 (3–8) | 1.025 (0.887–1.184) | 0.740 | |
| Antibiotic exposure per group, n (%) | |||||
| Aminoglycosides | 31 (79.5) | 30 (76.9) | 1.447 (0.413–5.063) | 0.563 | |
| Carbapenems | 1 (2.6) | 3 (7.7) | 0.324 (0.032–3.268) | 0.339 | |
| Cephalosporins | 9 (23.1) | 13 (33.3) | 0.615 (0.224–1.693) | 0.347 | |
| Glycopeptides | 3 (7.7) | 6 (15.4) | 0.470 (0.108–2.043) | 0.314 | |
| Macrolides | 0 | 4 (10.3) | NA | NA | |
| Oxazolidinones | 0 | 0 | NA | NA | |
| Penicillins (-clavulanic acid) | 36 (92.3) | 37 (94.9) | NA | 1.000 | |
| Quinolones | 0 | 0 | NA | NA | |
| Rifampicin | 0 | 0 | NA | NA | |
| Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole | 1 (2.6) | 0 | NA | NA | |
| Mortality, n (%) | 9 (23.1) | 1 (2.6) | 11.400 (1.367–95.043) | 0.025* | |
| Median age at death (IQR), days | 17 (12–19) | 10 (NA) | NA | 0.998 | |
| Discharge before 28 days, n (%) | 13 (33.3) | 8 (20.5) | 1.937 (0.696–5.391) | 0.205 | |
| Median age at discharge (IQR), days | 18 (15–21) | 15 (10–21) | 1.093 (0.878–1.362) | 0.425 | |
LOS, late-onset sepsis; NA, not applicable; T0, clinical onset of sepsis; PPROM, preterm premature rupture of membranes; PDA, patent ductus arteriosus; RBC, red blood cells.
1
Values are presented as OR (95% CI).
*
Statistically significant difference.