Table 4.
Characteristics of LOS infants caused by gram-positive bacteria and matched controls in the period preceding LOS diagnosis (T0)
| LOS (n = 152) | Non-LOS (n = 152) | Univariate analysis1 | p value | Multivariate analysis1 | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Median gestational age (IQR), weeks+days | 27+4 (25+6–28+5) | 27+4 (25+6–28+5) | 1.000 (0.981–1.020) | 0.981 | ||
| Mean birth weight (±SD), g | 965.8 (274.7) | 968.0 (273.3) | 1.000 (0.999–1.001) | 0.944 | ||
| Male gender, n (%) | 85 (55.9) | 74 (48.7) | 1.337 (0.852–2.100) | 0.207 | ||
| Vaginal delivery, n (%) | 64 (42.1) | 84 (55.3) | 1.075 (0.682–1.695) | 0.755 | ||
| Multiple births, n (%) | 60 (39.5) | 48 (31.5) | 1.413 (0.881–2.265) | 0.151 | ||
| PPROM, n (%) | 39 (25.7) | 35 (23.0) | 1.197 (0.707–2.026) | 0.503 | ||
| Meconium amniotic fluid, n (%) | 3 (2.0) | 2 (1.3) | 1.521 (0.250–9.242) | 0.649 | ||
| Median 1-minApgarscore (IQR) | 6 (3–7) | 5 (3–7) | 1.011 (0.917–1.114) | 0.827 | ||
| Median 5-minApgarscore (IQR) | 7 (6–9) | 7 (7–8) | 0.991 (0.870–1.129) | 0.890 | ||
| PDA, n (%) | 66 (43.4) | 59 (38.8) | 1.206 (0.740–1.966) | 0.453 | ||
| PDA treatment type, n (%) | ||||||
| Ibuprofen | 54 (35.5) | 45 (29.6) | Reference | 0.919 | ||
| Indomethacin | 0 | 1 (0.7) | NA | 1.000 | ||
| Surgical | 2 (1.3) | 1 (0.7) | 1.667 (0.146–18.985) | 0.681 | ||
| Central line exposure, n (%) | 111 (73) | 125 (82.2) | 0.585 (0.338–1.012) | 0.055 | ||
| Median central line time (IQR), days | 8 (6–9) | 7 (5–10) | 1.034 (0.953–1.121) | 0.420 | ||
| Central line exposure 48 h prior T0, n (%) | 83 (54.6) | 94 (61.8) | 0.742 (0.470–1.172) | 0.201 | ||
| Peripheral line exposure, n (%) | 148 (97.4) | 147 (96.7) | 1.259 (0.331–4.780) | 0.736 | ||
| Median peripheral line time (IQR), days | 7 (4–10) | 7 (4–9) | 1.006 (0.955–1.060) | 0.812 | ||
| Peripheral line exposure 48 h prior T0, n (%) | 120 (78.9) | 108 (71.1) | 1.528 (0.904–2.581) | 0.113 | ||
| Median RBC transfusions (IQR), n | 2 (1–2) | 2 (1–2) | 1.091 (0.823–1.444) | 0.545 | ||
| Invasive ventilation exposure, n (%) | 26 (17.1) | 38 (25.0) | 2.098 (0.974–4.519) | 0.058 | ||
| Median invasive ventilation time (IQR), days | 4 (2–9) | 5 (2–9) | 1.011 (0.949–1.076) | 0.740 | ||
| Noninvasive ventilation exposure, n (%) | 139 (91.4) | 133 (87.5) | 1.527 (0.726–3.216) | 0.265 | ||
| Median noninvasive ventilation time (IQR), days | 6 (4–9) | 6 (4–9) | 1.003 (0.956–1.052) | 0.912 | ||
| Enteral feeding type, n (%) | ||||||
| Breast milk | 58 (38.2) | 55 (36.2) | Reference | 0.227 | ||
| Formula milk | 46 (30.3) | 32 (21.1) | 1.363 (0.761–2.441) | 0.297 | ||
| Combination | 44 (28.9) | 52 (34.2) | 0.802 (0.465–1.384) | 0.429 | ||
| Achieved full enteral feeding, n (%) | 22 (14.4) | 28 (18.2) | 0.938 (0.495–1.780) | 0.846 | ||
| Median total parental feeding time (IQR), days | 9 (7–11) | 8 (5–10) | 1.102 (1.010–1.202) | 0.029* | 1.289 (1.074–1.547) | 0.006* |
| Total time from birth (days), n (%) | ||||||
| 0–5 | 14 (9.2) | 30 (19.7) | Reference | 0.066 | ||
| 5–10 | 55 (36.2) | 65 (42.8) | 1.813 (0.875–3.759) | 0.110 | ||
| >10 | 26 (17.1) | 20 (13.2) | 2.786 (1.177–6.593) | 0.020* | ||
| Medication, n (%) | ||||||
| Inotropes | 6 (3.9) | 16 (10.5) | 0.188 (0.048–0.728) | 0.016* | ||
| Antimycotics | 8 (5.3) | 0.791 (0.211–2.972) | 0.729 | |||
| Postpartum antibiotics administration (days), n (%) | ||||||
| None | 22 (14.5) | 26 (17.1) | Reference | 0.820 | ||
| 1–3 | 84 (55.3) | 81 (53.3) | 1.226 (0.643–2.335) | 0.536 | ||
| >3 | 46 (30.3) | 45 (29.6) | 1.208 (0.599–2.435) | 0.597 | ||
| Antibiotic exposure (yes), n (%) | 138 (90.8) | 143 (94.1) | 0.620 (0.260–1.480) | 0.282 | 0.078 (0.007–0.879) | 0.039* |
| Median antibiotics time (IQR), days | 4 (3–6) | 3 (2–6) | 1.032 (0.950–1.121) | 0.462 | ||
| Antibiotic exposure per group, n (%) | ||||||
| Aminoglycosides | 117 (77.0) | 121 (79.6) | 1.059 (0.556–2.016) | 0.861 | ||
| Carbapenems | 1 (0.7) | 3 (2.0) | 0.343 (0.035–3.338) | 0.357 | ||
| Cephalosporins | 23 (15.1) | 38 (25.0) | 0.558 (0.312–0.998) | 0.049* | ||
| Glycopeptides | 18 (11.8) | 19 (12.5) | 0.987 (0.494–1.971) | 0.970 | ||
| Macrolides | 2 (1.3) | 0 | NA | NA | ||
| Oxazolidinones | 0 | 0 | NA | NA | ||
| Penicillins (-clavulanic acid) | 132 (86.8) | 138 (90.8) | 0.957 (0.301–3.040) | 0.940 | ||
| Quinolones | 0 | 0 | NA | NA | ||
| Rifampicin | 0 | 0 | NA | NA | ||
| Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole | 0 | 0 | NA | NA | ||
| Mortality, n (%) | 4 (2.6) | 2 (1.3) | 2.027 (0.366–11.235) | 0.419 | ||
| Median age at death (IQR), days | 16 (6–25) | 15 (NA) | 1.018 (0.811–1.278) | 0.878 | ||
| Discharge before 28 days, n (%) | 55 (36.2) | 50 (32.9) | 1.157 (0.721–1.857) | 0.547 | ||
| Median age at discharge (IQR), days | 18 (13–22) | 19 (12–22) | 0.985 (0.913–1.062) | 0.693 | ||
LOS, late-onset sepsis; NA, not applicable; T0, clinical onset of sepsis; PPROM, preterm premature rupture of membranes; PDA, patent ductus arteriosus; RBC, red blood cells.
1
Values are presented as OR (95% CI).
*
Statistically significant difference.