Table 5.
Characteristics of infants with LOS caused by CoNS bacteria and matched controls in the period preceding LOS diagnosis (T0)
| LOS (n = 111) | Non-LOS (n = 111) | Univariate analysis1 | p value | Multivariate analysis1 | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Median gestational age (IQR), weeks+days | 27+4 (25+6–28+6) | 27+4 (25+6–28+6) | 1.000 (0.979–1.022) | 0.991 | ||
| Median birth weight (IQR), g | 930 (725–1,180) | 900 (750–1,190) | 1.000 (0.999–1.001) | 0.940 | ||
| Male gender, n (%) | 61 (55) | 54 (48.6) | 1.288 (0.760–2.183) | 0.347 | ||
| Vaginal delivery, n (%) | 46 (41.1) | 50 (45.0) | 1.105 (0.648–1.885) | 0.715 | ||
| Multiple births, n (%) | 42 (37.8) | 31 (27.9) | 1.571 (0.893–2.763) | 0.117 | ||
| PPROM, n (%) | 32 (28.8) | 27 (24.3) | 1.312 (0.720–2.390) | 0.375 | ||
| Meconium-stained amniotic fluid, n (%) | 2 (1.8) | 1 (0.9) | 2.020 (0.180–22.622) | 0.569 | ||
| Median 1-minApgarscore (IQR) | 5 (3–7) | 5 (3–7) | 1.018 (0.906–1.143) | 0.767 | ||
| Median 5-minApgarscore (IQR) | 7 (6–8) | 7 (6–8) | 0.986 (0.850–1.143) | 0.850 | ||
| PDA, n (%) | 39 (35.1) | 31 (27.9) | 1.677 (0.627–4.490) | 0.303 | ||
| PDA treatment type, n (%) | ||||||
| Ibuprofen | 36 (32.4) | 30 (27.0) | Reference | 1.000 | ||
| Indomethacin | 0 | 1 (0.9) | NA | 1.000 | ||
| Surgical | 2 (1.8) | 0 | NA | 0.999 | ||
| Central line exposure, n (%) | 77 (69.4) | 94 (84.7) | 0.410 (0.213–0.789) | 0.008* | ||
| Median central line time (IQR), days | 7 (6–9) | 7 (5–9) | 1.050 (0.937–1.176) | 0.403 | ||
| Central line exposure 48h prior T0, n (%) | 62 (55.9) | 78 (70.3) | 0.535 (0.308–0.931) | 0.027* | ||
| Peripheral line exposure, n (%) | 107 (96.4) | 107 (96.4) | 1.000 (0.244–4.102) | 1.000 | 1.238 (1.086–1.411) | 0.001* |
| Median peripheral line time (IQR), days | 6 (4–9) | 6 (4–8) | 1.060 (0.981–1.146) | 0.142 | ||
| Peripheral line exposure 48 h prior T0, n (%) | 89 (80.2) | 77 (69.4) | 1.786 (0.964–3.311) | 0.065 | ||
| Median RBC transfusions (IQR), n | 2 (1–3) | 1 (1–2) | 1.217 (0.836–1.770) | 0.305 | ||
| Invasive ventilation exposure, n (%) | 54 (48.6) | 64 (57.7) | 0.696 (0.410–1.181) | 0.179 | ||
| Median invasive ventilation time (IQR), days | 4 (3–8) | 5 (2–9) | 1.012 (0.918–1.117) | 0.804 | ||
| Noninvasive ventilation exposure, n (%) | 103 (92.8) | 96 (86.5) | 2.012 (0.816–4.958) | 0.129 | ||
| Median noninvasive ventilation time (IQR), days | 6 (4–9) | 6 (4–8) | 0.996 (0.928–1.070) | 0.922 | ||
| Enteral feeding type, n (%) | ||||||
| Breast milk | 35 (31.5) | 37 (33.3) | Reference | 0.171 | Reference | 0.019* |
| Formula milk | 38 (34.2) | 23 (20.7) | 1.747 (0.873–3.496) | 0.115 | 3.779 (1.257–11.363) | 0.018* |
| Combination | 37 (33.3) | 41 (36.9) | 0.954 (0.502–1.811) | 0.954 | 0.782 (0.328–1.865) | 0.580 |
| Achievement of full enteral feeding | 22 (14.4) | 28 (18.2) | 0.938 (0.495–1.780) | 0.846 | ||
| Median total parental feeding time (IQR), days | 8 (7–10) | 8 (5–9) | 1.075 (0.967–1.193) | 0.180 | ||
| Total time from birth (days), n (%) | ||||||
| 0–5 | 8 (7.2) | 23 (20.7) | Reference | 0.122 | ||
| 5–10 | 34 (30.6) | 44 (39.6) | 2.222 (0.885–5.578) | 0.089 | ||
| >10 | 18 (16.2) | 18 (16.2) | 2.875 (1.020–8.104) | 0.046* | ||
| Medication, n (%) | ||||||
| Inotropes | 2 (1.8) | 11 (9.9) | 0.104 (0.015–0.726) | 0.022* | ||
| Antimycotics | 3 (2.7) | 5 (4.5) | 0.382 (0.069–2.125) | 0.272 | ||
| Postpartum antibiotics administration (days), n (%) | ||||||
| None | 14 (12.6) | 18 (16.2) | Reference | 0.656 | ||
| 1–3 | 66 (59.5) | 60 (54.1) | 1.414 (0.648–3.088) | 0.384 | ||
| >3 | 31 (27.9) | 33 (29.7) | 1.208 (0.515–2.865) | 0.665 | ||
| Antibiotic exposure (yes), n (%) | 104 (93.7) | 107 (93.7) | 1.000 (0.339–2.952) | 1.000 | 0.229 (0.086–0.612) | 0.003* |
| Median antibiotics time (IQR), days | 4 (3–6) | 3 (2–6) | 1.043 (0.932–1.167) | 0.460 | ||
| Antibiotic exposure per group, n (%) | ||||||
| Aminoglycosides | 92 (82.9) | 89 (80.2) | 1.504 (0.661–3.418) | 0.330 | ||
| Carbapenems | 0 | 3 (2.7) | NA | NA | ||
| Cephalosporins | 13 (11.7) | 27 (24.3) | 0.417 (0.202–0.864) | 0.019* | ||
| Glycopeptides | 9 (8.1) | 15 (13.5) | 0.574 (0.239–1.379) | 0.215 | ||
| Macrolides | 1 (0.9) | 0 | NA | NA | ||
| Oxazolidinones | 0 | 0 | NA | NA | ||
| Penicillins (-clavulanic acid) | 100 (90.1) | 100 (90.1) | 1.667 (0.388–7.162) | 0.492 | ||
| Quinolones | 0 | 0 | NA | NA | ||
| Rifampicin | 0 | 0 | NA | NA | ||
| Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole | 0 | 0 | NA | NA | ||
| Mortality, n (%) | 1 (0.9) | 2 (1.8) | 0.495 (0.044–5.544) | 0.569 | ||
| Median age at death (IQR), days | 5 | 15 | NA | NA | ||
| Discharge before 28 days, n (%) | 41 (36.9) | 40 (36.0) | 1.040 (0.602–1.796) | 0.889 | ||
| Median age at discharge (IQR), days | 18 (13–21) | 19 (12–22) | 0.989 (0.909–1.077) | 0.807 | ||
LOS, late-onset sepsis; NA, not applicable; T0, clinical onset of sepsis; PPROM, preterm premature rupture of membranes; PDA, patent ductus arteriosus; RBC, red blood cells.
1
Values are presented as OR (95% CI).
*
Statistically significant difference.