Fig 27. Increased transporter activity (k₂ values) lead to increased aggressiveness and improved controller precision for transporter-based motif 1 zero-order controller (left panel) and motif 1 antithetic controller (right panel) during constant growth (see Figs 6 and 8).

Phase 1: controllers are at their steady state, no growth, k₂ = 1.0. Phase 2: constant growth ($\dot{V}=1.0$) and k₂ = 1.0. Both controllers show an offset in A_ss below $A_{set}^{theor}$. Phase 3: constant growth continues but k₂ is increased to 1 × 10³. Both controllers show improved precision and have their A_ss close to $A_{set}^{theor}$, but show different adaptation kinetics during the transition from phase 2 to phase 3. Rate parameters and initial concentrations, zero-order controller: k₃ = 2.0, k₄ = 20.0, k₅ = 1 × 10⁻⁶, k₆ = 10.0, k₇ = 1 × 10⁻⁶, A₀ = 2.0, E₀ = 100.0, V₀ = 25.0, M₀ = 1 × 10⁷. Rate parameters and initial concentrations, antithetic controller: k₃ = 2.0, k₄ = 10.0, k₅ = 1 × 10⁻⁶, k₆ = 10.0, k₈ = 20.0, k₉ = 1 × 10⁻⁶, A₀ = 2.0, E_1,0 = 1 × 10⁻², E_2,0 = 1 × 10², V₀ = 25.0, M₀ = O₀ = 1 × 10⁸.