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Shown is the karyotype for each species with co-amplified X and Y genes, which chromosome arms form the neo-sex chromosomes (based on synteny in D. melanogaster), and the name of co-amplified X and Y genes (based on their orthologs in D. melanogaster). Genes in bold have functions related to chromosome segregation. Phylogenetic relationships are from ref. [69], and the species group is indicated above the branches.
