Table 1.
Baseline characteristics in all patients and stratified by LVEF recovery status
| Overall (n=98) | LVEF Recovered (n=36) 36.7% | LVEF Not recovered (n=62) 63.3% | *p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 49.5 ± 17.0 | 47.0 ± 13.0 | 50.0 ± 18.0 | 0.463 |
| Female sex | 28 (28.6%) | 15 (41.7%) | 13 (21.0%) | 0.029 |
| Self-reported whites | 78 (79.6%) | 29 (80.6%) | 49 (79.0%) | 1.000 |
| Self-reported blacks | 19 (19.4%) | 7 (19.4%) | 12 (19.4%) | |
| Ischemic Etiology | 10 (17.2%) | 3 (13.6%) | 7 (19.4%) | 0.727 |
| Diabetes | 45 (46.4%) | 19 (52.8%) | 26 (42.6%) | 0.333 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 35 (35.7%) | 15 (41.7%) | 20 (32.3%) | 0.349 |
| †Stage of chronic kidney disease | 1.0 ± 1.5 | 1.0 ± 1.3 | 1.0 ± 1.6 | 0.873 |
| Serum creatinine (mg/dL) | 1.1 ± 0.4 | 1.0 ± 0.4 | 1.1 ± 0.4 | 0.435 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 29.0 ± 9.2 | 29.7 ± 10.5 | 28.1 ± 10.3 | 0.511 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 118.0 ± 20.0 | 120.0 ± 22.0 | 116.6 ± 19.0 | 0.084 |
| Heart Rate (bpm) | 80.0 ± 13.0 | 80.0 ± 13.3 | 80.0 ± 15.0 | 0.944 |
| QRS Duration (ms) | 110.0 ± 48.0 | 98.0 ± 26.0 | 114.0 ± 46.0 | 0.139 |
| †NYHA functional class | 2.8 ± 0.9 | 2.5 ± 0.9 | 3.0 ± 0.8 | 0.063 |
| Left bundle branch block | 35 (36.5%) | 11 (30.6%) | 24 (40.0%) | 0.352 |
| Baseline LVEF (%) | 20 ± 11 | 20 ± 9 | 20 ± 11 | 0.953 |
| Follow-up LVEF (%) | 25 ± 36 | 55 ± 8 | 20 ± 12 | <.0001 |
| Change in LVEF (%) | 2 ± 34 | 35 ± 13 | -3 ± 9 | <.0001 |
| Time between baseline and follow-up LVEFs (years) | 4.4 ± 7.2 | 4.1 ± 5.3 | 4.5 ± 8.0 | 0.565 |
| ADRB1 Gly49 carriers | 29 (29.6%) | 4 (11.1%) | 25 (40.3%) | 0.002 |
| ADRB1 Gly389 carriers | 46 (48.9%) | 21 (60.0%) | 25 (42.4%) | 0.098 |
| Deaths | 53 (54.1%) | 20 (55.6%) | 33 (53.2%) | 0.823 |
ADRB1 = gene for the beta-1 adrenergic receptor; BMI = body mass index; Gly = glycine; LVEF = left ventricular ejection fraction; NYHA = New York Heart Association functional class; SBP = systolic blood pressure; Ser = serine
*
p-value for patients with LVEF recovery to ≥ 40% versus patients with follow-up EF < 40%. Bolded p-values indicate statistical significance
†
Reported as mean ± sd instead of median ± interquartile range because the medians were identical and thus did not reveal subtle differences in the values