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. 2019 Aug 12;9:11689. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-48146-9

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Phenotypical characterization of astrocytes in the cerebellar white matter by immunohistochemistry. Detection of astrocyte markers glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP; A,A′′), aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 L1 (ALDH1L1; B,B′′), aquaporin 4 (AQP4; C,C′′), glutamine synthetase (GS; D,D′′), and survivin (E,E′′). (A,E) Intact white matter of a control animal (group 1). Scale bar = 50 µm. (A’,E’) Acute distemper lesion (group 2). Arrows = gemistocytic astrocytes. Scale bar = 50 µm. (A′′,D′′) Subacute to chronic, inflammatory lesion (group 4). Arrows = gemistocytic astrocytes. Scale bar = 50 µm. (E′′) Group 4 lesion with perivascular inflammation and increase of intralesional survivin⁺ cells. Scale bar = 200 µm. Inset: Higher magnification. Immunopositive cells show astrocyte morphology. Scale bar = 20 µm.