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. 2019 Aug 12;9:11699. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-47867-1

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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A generic healthy foot is outlined in grey, and the location of an added input is outlined in black. “Congruent” signifies that the experimenter touched the location of the primary ROI. The forefoot contacts (F1-F3) had a primary ROI in the forefoot, and rearfoot contacts (R1-R3) had a primary ROI in the rearfoot. Shaded red areas indicate regions that were reported more than the baseline condition, and shaded blue regions represent a decrease in reporting compared to baseline. The † symbol denotes significantly increased activation in the primary ROI, and the ‡ symbol indicates significantly decreased activation in regions outside of the primary ROI (one-tailed paired t-tests, p < 0.05). (a) During the conditions involving congruent visual inputs, electrical stimulation was delivered while participants sat and watched an experimenter apply a light touch to the primary ROI on the plantar surface of the prosthesis. (b) During conditions involving congruent postural manipulations with the eyes closed, electrical stimulation was delivered while participants stood upright and adopted a posture that applied a load to the location of the primary ROI. (c) Repeated condition ‘b’ with the eyes open.