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. 2019 Aug 12;9:11589. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-47953-4

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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(a) Fecal water % and Bristol score are significantly higher in the breast-fed (BF) infants during the exclusive feeding period. The group difference was evaluated using Kruskal-Wallis H test followed by a post-hoc Dunn test, p < 0.05. Fecal metabolite concentrations are associated with fecal water %. (b) Heatmap of the correlation coefficient (Pearson r > 0.4 or <−0.4, p < 0.05) of fecal metabolite concentrations correspond to fecal water %. Amount of water in infant stool is positively correlated with fecal concentration of (c) lactate, (d) 1,2-propanediol, (e) glucose and (f) galactose and is negatively correlated with (g) isovalerate and (h) isobutyrate. The correlation between fecal water % and metabolite concentration were evaluated using data collected from 2 months (baseline) and 4 and 6 months (without complementary food).