Table 4.
Risk of GI bleeding by drug combinations in clinically-relevant subgroups.
| Subgroup | Drug combinations | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NSAID monotherapy | PPI | H2RA | Misoprostol | Rebamipide | Eupatilin | |
| Age | ||||||
| <60 years | reference | 0.17 (0.08-0.37) | 0.41 (0.31-0.54) | 0.85 (0.40-1.81) | 0.48 (0.37-0.62) | 0.87 (0.69-1.09) |
| ≥60 years | reference | 0.42 (0.27-0.66) | 0.36 (0.28-0.48) | 0.18 (0.02-1.25) | 0.54 (0.41-0.71) | 0.95 (0.81-1.12) |
| Sex | ||||||
| Male | reference | 0.32 (0.16-0.66) | 0.49 (0.35-0.68) | 0.45 (0.14-1.40) | 0.53 (0.38-0.73) | 1.29 (1.00-1.65) |
| Female | reference | 0.29 (0.18-0.45) | 0.31 (0.24-0.39) | 0.60 (0.25-1.45) | 0.39 (0.31-0.50) | 0.86 (0.74-1.01) |
| Renal function | ||||||
| Cr < 1.2 mg/dl | reference | 0.22 (0.13-0.36) | 0.32 (0.26-0.41) | 0.52 (0.19-1.41) | 0.37 (0.30-0.47) | 0.92 (0.79-1.07) |
| Cr ≥ 1.2 mg/dl | reference | 0.57 (0.32-1.04) | 0.45 (0.32-0.63) | 0.50 (0.19-1.36) | 0.60 (0.43-0.84) | 1.16 (0.88-1.53) |
| Obesity | ||||||
| BMI < 25 | reference | 0.25 (0.11-0.57) | 0.37 (0.25-0.53) | 0.99 (0.31-3.12) | 0.45 (0.31-0.65) | 0.77 (0.56-1.05) |
| BMI ≥ 25 | reference | 0.09 (0.02-0.35) | 0.27 (0.18-0.41) | 0.39 (0.05-2.28) | 0.30 (0.19-0.44) | 0.86 (0.67-1.10) |
Estimated from Cox proportional hazard models. Multivariable model was adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, creatinine level, and co-morbidities.
GI, gastrointestinal; NSAID, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug; PPI, proton pump inhibitor; H2RA, histamine-2 receptor antagonist; Cr, creatinine; BMI, body mass index; IHD, ischemic heart disease.