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. 2019 Aug 12;9:11666. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-48053-z

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Involvement of endothelial RhoA in VEGF- and S1P-induced sprout formation in vitro. (A,B) Quantification of number of nodes, number of junctions and total junction length (n = 8) (A) and representative images (B) of the 2-D matrigel tube formation assay of siRNA-transfected HUVECs in response to VEGF and S1P stimulation. (C,D) Quantification of average sprout length, number of sprouts per spheroid and total sprout length (n = 3) (C) and representative images (D) of the 3-D spheroid sprouting assay of siRNA-transfected HUVECs in response to VEGF and S1P stimulation. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001.