Table 2.
Metastatic latency preclinical models.
| Cancer type | Preclinical model | Mechanistic insights into DTC biology | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Breast | HCC1954 | NK cell mediated immune evasion, self-imposed quiescence, SOX9, DKK1, p-p38 | (27) |
| 4T07 | BMP signaling | (96) | |
| MDA-MB-231 | VCAM-1 mediated osteoclastogenesis, chemoresistance by Fbxw7 | (84, 124) | |
| MMTV-HER2 | Early dissemination of DTCs, parallel evolution of metastatic cancer | (35, 36) | |
| PDX | Stem cell program - OCT4, SOX2, DKK1 | (27, 65) | |
| BT549 | p-p38, relieving ER stress by PERK and EIF2a | (82) | |
| D2A1 | anti-inflammation, integrin signaling | (69, 70, 117) | |
| Prostate | PC3 | GAS6/Axl, Wnt5a signaling, BMP7 | (90, 95, 99) |
| DU145 | GAS6/Axl | (90) | |
| Melanoma | RET.AAD | Early dissemination of DTCs, restrained outgrowth by CD8 T-cell | (137) |
| Lung | H2087 | NK cell mediated immune evasion, self-imposed quiescence, SOX2, DKK1 | (27) |
| Head and neck | HEp-3 | Epigenetic repression by NR2F1, low p-ERK, high p-p53/p-p38, SOX9, TGFβ2 | (64, 72, 94) |
| Pancreas | mM1 | Immune evasion by relieving ER stress | (83) |
| Fibrosarcoma | GR9 | Low MHC-I | (138, 139) |