| PPAR-α |
Liver, kidney, heart, skeletal muscle, adipose tissue |
Liver: increase fatty acid oxidation, reduce triglycerides, increase high-density lipoprotein and reduce small dense low-density lipoprotein |
| Muscle: increase fatty acid oxidation |
| Blood vessels: reduce inflammation, increase reverse cholesterol transport |
| PPAR-γ |
γ1: extensive distribution; γ2: adipose tissue; γ3: adipose tissue, colon, macrophages |
Liver: increase fatty acid storage |
| Muscle: increase glucose uptake |
| Adipose tissue: increase adiponectin, reduce tumor necrosis factor-alpha and resistin, expand adipose tissue mass and fatty acid storage |
| Blood vessels: reduce inflammation, increase reverse cholesterol transport |
| PPAR-β/δ |
Extensive distribution but particularly in the brain, adipose tissue and skin |
Adipose tissue: increase fatty acid oxidation and reduce body weight |
| Muscle: increase fatty acid oxidation |
| Blood vessels: reduce inflammation |
